Vol. LXX. No. 4123. 
NEW YORK, NOVEMBER 4, 1911. 
WEEKLY, $1.00 PER YEAR. 
. ANOTHER STEP IN SILO BUILDING. 
Building of Drain Tile. 
The farmers of Marshall County, Iowa, have in¬ 
vented a novel building material for silos. They are 
uring six-inch drain tile set on end and notched so 
the tile interlocks. The wall thus formed is plas¬ 
tered on the inside and on the outside. The building 
tubes resemble ordinary six-inch drain tile except 
that the walls are heavier and slotted at four points 
90 degrees apart to a depth of one-fourth the length 
of the tiles. The tubes are set on end so that the 
slots of each tube interlock with four other tubes, 
making a very strong, firm wall. The green tubes 
are slotted as they come from the die, but the pieces 
of the notch are not knocked out till the tubes have 
been hauled to the spot where the silo is to be erected. 
The notches can easily be knocked out with a light 
hammer, and the pieces used in the concrete floor. 
After the hole for the foundation of the silo has 
been dug, the concrete 
floor is laid. Then the 
wall is started by set¬ 
ting up the course of 
tubes. After this the 
work proceeds very 
rapidly since the build¬ 
er has merely to stack 
the tubes up, one tier 
upon another. When the 
wall is about eight feet 
high it is trued up and 
the grooves plastered. 
This filling up of the 
grooves is called corru¬ 
gating, and it can be 
done very quickly, since 
each stroke of the 
trowel takes up about 18 
inches of the groove. 
This leaves the wall per¬ 
fectly ridged. 
The scaffolding is built 
on a center pole and 
rests upon the inside of 
the silo wall. The wall 
is set up and corru¬ 
gated on the inside and 
then a scaffold is swung 
from the roof to plas¬ 
ter the outside. A good 
gang of five men have 
been known to set up and corrugate a 14x30-foot silo 
in a day. This is as quick as a stone silo can be 
built, and the plastering can be done in almost the 
time that it would take to paint a stone silo. This 
type of silo has the advantage of a 10-inch wall with a 
six-inch air space which insures against freezing. 
The inner surface of the wall is absolutely smooth, 
which permits the silage to be packed down around 
the edges, thus doing away entirely with spoiled 
silage. It combines all the good qualities of a stone 
silo with the lasting qualities of a masonry silo. 
Many silos of this type have been built in this 
country the past few years; some reinforced with 
iron hoops, but several with no reinforcing whatever. 
They have all proven successful, and the owners say 
they are ahead of any other kind of silos they have 
ever seen. 
Such a silo is shown in Fig. 426, while Fig. 427, on 
next page, shows the slotted tile, and the way tiles are 
put together. The rapidity of construction cheapens 
the labor cost in a marked degree. c. v. hill. 
Iowa. 
WHAT IS “HOMOGENIZED CREAM”? 
What Can Be Done With It? 
The R. N.-Y. has mentioned what it calls “homo¬ 
genized cream.” What is it? 
Our first information came from a bulletin issued 
by the Vermont Experiment Station at Burlington. 
As we understand it, this cream has been subjected 
to a very high pressure (3,000 pounds or more to the 
inch). This pressure breaks up the fat globules in 
milk or cream and thus changes their character. 
Will not such cream “rise”? 
We understand not. It is almost impossible to get 
such cream out of milk with a' separator, for when 
it is mixed with the mass it becomes identical all 
through. 
What is the machine which does this thing like? 
The machine is essentially a system of three or 
more pumps, so arranged as to force milk or cream 
(or other liquid substances) against a very stiff 
6pring which necessitates a high pressure to over¬ 
come it. This projects or squirts the milk through a 
small aperture upon a hard surface which serves to 
pulverize or spatter the globules of milk fat into 
many bits. Though the globules are already micro¬ 
scopic in size, the homogenizing makes them more so, 
until it will require 50 to 100 particles after treatment 
to equal in total volume one globule before treatment. 
How much does it cost? 
One small machine may be bought for $1,000, but 
the regular stock sizes cost from $2,500 to $5,000. 
Only the larger concerns can afford to use them. 
What can they be used for? 
Such cream or thickened milk would be good for 
ice cream making. Very likely also a “fake milk” will 
result from it. In answer to this, one of our leading 
dairy authorities tells us: 
“It is a fact that different oils may be worked up 
with skim-milk and remain in suspension a very long 
time. I have produced a mixture of commercially 
pure corn oil and skim-milk which had not separated 
at the end of one year’s time. The cream had risen 
but the fat had. not come clear as before treatment. 
1 have drunk milk and used cream which was pro¬ 
duced by the mixture of unsalted butter and skim- 
milk”? 
But could they really make what you call a “fake 
milk?” 
Unquestionably oleomargarine, or fish, or vegetable 
oils could be worked up with skim-milk to produce 
emulsion which would resemble natural milk in all 
characteristics save that of flavor and melting points 
of fat. 
Has this been attempted yet? 
We are not yet prepared to say, but we think it 
likely experiments are now being made by the oleo 
and other oil men to work up milk substitutes. They 
will be hard to detect. It seems to be settled that 
with this machine unsalted butter can be worked up 
so it will mix with skim-milk and pass for either 
whole milk or cream. That is the present danger to 
the dairy milk industry. It would be a very nice legal 
point to prove that such 
a mixture was bogus, 
and new laws would 
probably b e needed. 
This machine is quite 
new in this country as 
yet. It remains to be 
seen what the fake milk¬ 
men will try to do with 
it; but the chemists and 
the lawyers should be 
on guard. 
What does the ma¬ 
chine look like? 
A picture taken from 
the manufacturer’s cata¬ 
logue is shown at Fig. 
428. 
What do the manu¬ 
facturers claim for it? 
That homogenized 
cream mixed with milk 
is superior for feeding 
infants or invalids, and 
better for ice cream 
making. They claim 
that a four - per - cent 
milk “homogenized” 
looks like eight-per-cent 
cream and gives better 
satisfaction for coffee 
or cereals. They also 
claim that “cream” can be made at any time by ice 
cream or hotel men. To do this butter and skim-milk 
are run through the machine. If there is no skim- 
milk, milk powder mixed with water or diluted con¬ 
densed milk will answer. This is a direct invitation 
to make a “fake” milk, which, if carried out by the 
large hotel keepers, will certainly affect the milk 
market. 
AN OLD TREE AGENT TALKS. 
I have been interested in your discussion of the 
tree agent, but while impelled to give my views, have 
kept silent until your direct appeal on page 966. I 
believe I can throw some light on the subject, as 
more than 40 years ago I was an agent and for 
several years a dealer, and I can, I believe, speak 
without prejudice, for I have been out of the busi¬ 
ness for 30 years. In its nature the nursery business 
in all its branches gives room for deception, for it 
is so long between planting and fruiting. But it 
has been my observation that no business or pro¬ 
fession is free from the practice of deception, and 
AN IOWA DRAIN TILE SILO. Fin. 426. 
