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II. BIOLOGY. 
(A.) EVOLUTION. 
i. General Principles :—General evolutionary principles of classi¬ 
fication applied to Echinoderma ; Bather (18) p. 22. —Increase in 
size and skeletal mass supposed characteristic of crinoid evolution ; 
Gratacap (138) pp. 93, 97.—Lower Carboniferous Grin., acme of 
development of the Class, illustrating a “biological crisis”; Gratacap 
