BIOLOGY. (II, A : B, i, a, b.) 
Echin. 39 
in primitive Echinoderm; Bather (18) p. 26 : its relations to 
mesoglaea of Coelentera further discussed by Russo in transla¬ 
tion, p. 17. 
11. Axial organ or Ovoid gland :—General relations, see further 
under (d); Cuenot (78) p. 242. —Relations to primitive parietal 
canal and anterior coelom; Bather (18) p. 26: Russo in 
translation, p. 22, criticises, and submits his own views. 
12. Genital system :—Relation of gonads to coelomic pouches 
in primitive Echinoderm; Bather (18) p. 25: extended state¬ 
ment and criticism by Russo in translation, p. 15. 
b. HOL 0 TH URIOIDEA. 
1. General Anatomy :—Elementary account; Shipley & Mac- 
Bride (280) pp. 265-269: with special reference to N. Ameri¬ 
can spp., terminology of systematists explained ; Clark (65). 
2. Symmetries :—absence of currents permits development of 
secondary bilateral symmetry in Elpidiidae , as opposed to 
“ Holothurians of the shallow seas, rolled about by the varying 
tides”; Shipley (279) p. 243.—Orientation of gut-coils and 
respiratory trees in Ludwigia, compared with observations of 
Ostergren on Dendrochirota ; Reiffen (258) p. 612. 
3. Homologies :—origin of Hoi. and relations to other Classes; 
Bather (18) p. 30: homologies with Crin. urged by Russo in 
translation, p. 31. 
Stereom :—Absence of all in Labidodemas egestosum , Paelo- 
patides megalopharynx , P. fusiformis , P. purpureo-punctatus , 
Peniagone ecalcarea , and of spicules in Holothuria mitis , Ben- 
thodytes salivosus , Thy one mirabilis, T. vitrea , Haplodactyla 
ecalcarea ; Sluiter (284). 
5. Skeletal Anatomy :—Spicules, oesophageal ring, and pseud- 
oral plates of Ludwigia ocnoides fully descr.; Reiffen (258) 
pp. 601, 605, 606, pi. xlv. 
6. Hydrocoel &c :—Watervascular system of Ludwigia ocnoides , 
with modification of podia into anal papillae, the elastic mem¬ 
brane (pp. 606, 608, pi. xlv), respiratory trees and their position 
(p. 612); Reiffen (258). 
7. Coelom and other Body-cavities:—Vacant. 
8. Digestive System :—Alimentary canal and course of gut in 
Ludwigia ocnoides ; Reiffen (258) p. 610.—Gut almost un¬ 
coiled in Enypniastes eocimia and Chondrocloea recta , caecum 
on first gut limb of Paelopatides fusiformis and P. purpureo- 
punctatus, but no caecum found in P. confundens; Sluiter 
(284). 
9. Nervous System and sense-organs:—pseudorals of Lud¬ 
wigia considered as taste-organs; Reiffen (258) p. 607. 
10. Mesodermal tissues (exc. skeletal) :—Musculature of Lud¬ 
wigia ocnoides (p. 604), bloodvascular system (p. 613); Reiffen 
(258). 
11. Axial Organ :—Vacant. 
12. Generative organs :—of Ludwigia ocnoides ; Reiffen (258) 
p. 613.—Gross and minute anat. of generative organs in Jleso- 
thuria intestinalis, which is ^, there being a succession of 
alternate bunches of f and $ tubules arising from the ‘geni¬ 
tal basis’ and atrophying at its hinder end, the whole being 
supplied from the ‘germinal cord’ which runs alongside the 
efferent duct, see also Ananus, Ocnus, and Holothuria ; Theel 
(298). 
