40 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
c. ECHINOIDEA . 
1. General:— Hamann (146) p. 967.—Elementary account of 
anatomy, based chiefly on Echinus ; Shipley & MacBride (280) 
pp. 253-265. 
2. Symmetries:—Form and symmetry ; Hamann (146) p. 1008. 
3-Jf. Vacant. 
5. Skeletal AnatomySpines, pedicellariae, and associated 
structures; Hamann (146) p. 1015.—Pedicellariae of Schizaster 
fragilis ; Koehler (173) p. 99.—Spinulose nature of spines of 
Cidaris florigemma , supposed first descr. and figd. ; Seguin 
(276): Lambert in Review says it characterizes the sp. in general. 
6-7. Vacant. 
8. Digestive System:-- Accessory intestinal siphon in Schizaster 
fragilis ; Koehler (173) p. 100.—Excretory cells in second 
intestinal curve of Strongylocentrotus and Echinus ; CufixoT 
(78) pp. 250, 252. 
9. Nervous System :—Nerves, sensory and poison organs, asso¬ 
ciated with spines and pedicellariae; Hamann (146) p. 1015.— 
Traces of eyes(?) in ocular plates of Ech .; Pfeffer (242) p. 547. 
10. Mesodermal Tissues (exc. skeletal) :—Integument and asso¬ 
ciated structures; Hamann (146) p. 1011. 
11-12. Vacant. 
d. A S TEROIDEA. 
1. General:—Elementary account of anatomy: based on Asterias 
and Echinaster , and serving as type of Echinoderm struc¬ 
ture ; Shipley & MacBride (280) pp. 236-248: of Asterias 
rubens-, Masterman (203) pp. 156-161, 5 text-figg.— Figure of 
dissected A. rubens ; British Museum (45) p. 108. 
2. Symmetries :— Origin of torsion in Ast. connected with 
Edrioasteroidea ; Bather (18) p. 31 : criticised by Russo in 
translation, p. 34. 
3-f Vacant. 
5. Skeleton :—Mouth'-parts of Ast. and Oph. not homologous, 
see 11 , b, i, e, 5; Zur Strassen (338). 
6. Vacant. 
7. Coelom and body-cavities; contents:—Lacunar system 
(p. 235), intestinal absorbent canals, their relations to aboral 
coelom (p. 237), histology of lacunae (p. 239), pseudhaemal or 
perihaemal system separate from coelom but united to intra¬ 
tegumentary system, new term ‘subneural sinus’ (p. 244), 
amoebocytes multiply by fission (p. 234); Cuenot (78). 
8. Digestive system :—Excretoiy cells in radial caeca; CufiNOT 
(78) p. 248. 
.9. Nervous system:—Ocellus of Arenas glacialis after Pfeffer, 
and photir-cells of Astrogonium ; Beer (24) p. 69, fig. 30. — 
Eyes of spp. of Asterias , Echinaster , Astrogonium , Astropecten , 
A strop sis, P ter aster, Solaster, Asterina , Palmipes, Luidia, his¬ 
tology and history of opinion ; Pfeffer (242). 
10. Mesodermal tissues (exc. skeletal):—Intra-tegumentary 
lacunar system and its connection with the perihaemal; 
Cuenot (78) p. 244. 
11. Axial organ or Ovoid gland:—Relations and histology, 
amoebocytic contents, no connection with gonads, but always 
associated with stone-canal, should be called “ le rein collateral 
au tube aquifbre, ou encore le rein lymphoi'de”; Cuenot (78) 
p. 239. 
12. Vacant. 
