42 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
ii. Variation :— 
a. In form :—Giant Holothuria edulis, H. pervicax , II. monocaria, 
Cliondrodoea reticulata-, Sluiter (284).—Of Epiaster vdiitei ; Cragin 
( 77) p. 154.—Of Pentaceros reticulatus (p. 237), Echinometra sub- 
anqularis (p. 253): Clark (66).—In size of rays Asterias hexactis ; 
Clark (63) p. 329. 
Deformations due to outer conditions and to Myzostomids in 
Cyrtocr., Sderocr. and Eugeniacr .; Remes (259). 
b. In form and surface characters :—Minor variations in a large 
number of Hoi. from Indian Archipelago (see generic list, iit, a, iii), 
esp. Holothuria argus spicules, IT. kurti ditto, Labidodemas semperi- 
anum ditto, Muelleria maculata warts, Mesothuria multipes spicules, 
M. lactea ditto, Pannychia moseleyi, Cucumaria longipeda, Colochirus 
challenged, Phyllophorus brocki, and Chirodota rigida ; Sluiter 
( 284).-—In number and position of anal plates, in number of genital 
pores, and in position of oculars in Arbacia punctulata\ Osborn 
( 230).-—In arrangement of pore-pairs, Enallaster texanus', Cragin 
( 77) p. 151.—In Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, Asterias gunneri, 
Cribrella ocidata, Solaster papposus ; Rankin (252).—In dorsal 
arm-scutes of Ophioglypha robusta ; Koehler (173) p. 100. 
c. In colour :—Of various spp., see list under iii, a, iv, esp. Strongylo¬ 
centrotus and Ophiopholis ; Clark (63).—Of various Bermudan Ast., 
Oph. and Hoi., see genera under ill, a, ii; Clark (64).—Various 
Echinoderms of Porto Rico, see genera under iii, a, ii; Clark (66). 
Colour in life: of Ech. and Oph. dredged by ‘ Belgica/ see list of 
genera ii, a, vi; Koehler (172): of Antedon quadrata, Ophio¬ 
glypha robusta, Asterias gunneri, and Cucumaria frondosa ; Rankin 
( 252).—Colour variations and colour in life noted in a large number 
of Hoi. from Indian Archipelago (see generic list ill, a, iii), esp. 
Holothuria pervicax, II. scabra, melanic II. fusco-rubra, Muellena 
maculata, Thyone castanea, albino Colochirus quadrangidaris, with 
figures coloured from life of Benthodytes sibogae, Cucumaria tricolor, 
Thyone mirabilis, Chondrocloea virgata, Holothuria submersa, Stich- 
opus ananas, Ryodaemon macidatus, Bathyplotes phlegmaticus, B. 
rubicundus, Colochirus gazellae, C. luteus, Laetmogone enisus, Scoto- 
deima protectum, Phyllophorus inflatus, Synallactes eticulatus , Mol- 
padia demissa, Protankyra challengeri-, Sluiter (284).—Colour of 
recent Ech., general; Hamann (146) p. 1010. Pigments, see ii, c, v. 
d. Meristic variation :— 
1. Variation from pentamerous symmetry:—A complete radius 
and interradius added in right dorsal interradius of Ludwigia 
ocnoides\ Reiffen (258) p. 615.—Almost complete suppression 
of pores and partial suppression of plates in an ambulacrum 
of Echinarachnius ; Tower (307 ).—Asterias rubens, 8-rayed; 
Giard (131) p. 289, f. 43 is new : 4 rays, 1 bifurcated ; 
Chevrel (59).—6- and 4-rayed Pentaceros reticulatus ; Clark 
( 66).—Number of rays of Solaster endeca decemradiata ; Clark 
(63) p. 325: of Asterias tenuispina, ? varies according to loc.; 
Clark (64) p. 339.—In Oph. generally; Hamann (146) p. 894. 
—6-rayed Ophiactis muelleri and Ophiocoma pumila ; Clark 
(64) p. 340.—In number of arms in Uintacr., viz. 9, 11 & 12; 
Springer (290) p. 19. 
2. Reduplication or absence of parts :—Multiple madreporites in 
one or more interradii, with or without multiplicity of stone- 
canals in Asterias vulgaris, perhaps correlated with multipli¬ 
cation by fission ; Davenport (83). 
Variation in distribution of syzygies (p. 18), in composition 
