BIOLOGY, (n, b, ii; iii : c, i—vii.) Echin. 43 
of base (p. 24), in number and arrangement of the various 
series of supplementary plates (p. 70); Springer (290). 
e. Abnormalities :— In jiosition of genital plates in Salenia (? Acro- 
scdenia) ; Simionescu (281) p. 22. —Enantiomorphs observed in 
development of Cribrella , right hydrocoele forms ambulacral system 
and so on; Masterman (202). 
iii. Secondary Sexual Characters :_ 
a. Differences of Form or Structure In Oph. ; Hamann (146) 
p. 892. None such discoverable in Asterias forbesi and A. vulqaris ; 
Mead (207) p. 203. 
b. Differences of Colour:—?In Astrophyton ; Bell (25). 
c. Protection of Young:—Literature of; Alcock (3) p. 49.—In 
Cucumaria , Thy one, and Thyonepsolus ; Clark (62).— In Cucumaria, 
see iii, a; Theel (297).—In Oph .; Hamann (146) p. 891. 
(C.) PHYSIOLOGY. 
i. General:—Vacant. 
ii. Circulation 1 1 hrombocyte of Echinus miliaris\ Dekhuyzen (86) 
p. 539, f. 7.—Action of hydraulic system in Ast .; Shipley & MacBride 
(280) pp. 242-244.— Physiology of the cavities of irrigation in Ast., 
relations to water-vascular system; Cuenot (78) p. 246._Ditto in 
Oph .; Hamann (146) p. 887. 
iii. Respiration :—In Ech. ; Shipley & MacBride (280) p. 262.— 
In Oph .; Hamann (146) p. 888.—Osmotic pressure in fluid of body- 
cavity in Astropecten, Asterias, Holothuria ; Bottazzi (38) p. 63. 
iv. Alimentation and Digestion :—In Ast. ; Shipley & MacBride 
(280) pp. 240, 241, text-fig.—In Oph. ; Hamann (146) p. 889. — 
Intestinal absorption in Ast. and relations to the circulation ; Cuenot 
(78) p. 237. — Digestion, transference to body fluids, and metabolism 
in Holothuria, Sphaerechinus, and Astropecten ; Cohnheim (70). 
v. Excretion and its Products:—Actual excretion by means of 
special cells: “ nephrocytes h indigo ” in the radial caeca of Ast. and 
second intestinal curve of Ech., and “ nephrocytes a carminate ” on 
epithelium of coelomic spaces, water-vascular and perihaemal systems, 
Tiedemann’s bodies, ovoid gland, also free amoebocytes ; this excretion 
is in addition to the known eliminating phagocytosis; Cuenot (78) 
p. 248.—Excretion by osmosis and granules in Oph .; Hamann (146) 
p. 889. 
Albuminous and nitrogenous excretions of Holothuria ; Cohnheim 
( 70). — Orange pigment of TJraster rubens analysed and called 
‘ urasterine 5 ; Griffiths & Warren (144). 
vi. Sensation :—Central nervous system, summary of researches; 
Babak (12) p. 96. — Functions of nervous system in Oph. ; Hamann 
(146) p. 882.—Experiments on Ast., Oph., Hoi., righting movements, 
response to stimulus, negative geotropism ; Loeb (188) pp. 60-71.— 
Reflex of Ech. to light and shadow, results of Uexkiill discussed, 
Sphaerechinus, Arbacia, and Diadematidce contrasted (p. 26), are 
there photo-receptive cells in Diadematidae 1 (p. 42); Beer (24). 
vii. Miscellanea and Experimental Physiology :—Functions of 
skin, including spines, of Oph .; Hamann (146) p. 882.—Replacement 
of gonads and atrophy of old ones in Mesothuria, the eggs being 
destroyed by phagocytes with vacuoles, and the genital basis by 
phagocytes with spheres; Theel (298). 
Action of pilocarpine and atropine on embryos of Asterias and 
Arbacia ; Mathews (205). 
1901. [Vol. xxxviii.] 
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