44 Echin. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
(D.) BIONOMICS. 
i. General Accounts:—popular; British Museum (45) pp. 109- 
111.—Account richly interspersed with physiological and ethological 
observations; Shipley & MacBride (280).—“An elementary account 
of animal ecology” [i.e. oecology, = ethology or bionomics] containing 
scattered notes on Echinoderms; Jordan (160) pp. 70, 96, 258, 305.— 
Habits of adult, young, and larvae of Asterias forbed and A. vulgaris; 
Mead (207). 
ii. Special habits :—Of litoral Echinoderma of E. coast of Scotland, 
popular; Newbigin (221).—Boring sea-urchins; Jordan (166) p. 259, 
text-fig.—Phosphoresence in Oph .; Hamann (146) p. 893. 
iii. Habitat:—(a) Nature of bottom of Hoi., Ech ., Ast., Oph., Grin., 
off coast of Gerona, Spain; Pruvot (248) pp. 38-41.—Of Bermudan 
Echinoderms; Clark (64): of various Echinoderms of Porto Rico; 
Clark (66): see lists of genera under ill, a, ii.—Habitat, especially 
as regards depth, of Echinoderms of Angoumian (see ill, b, iii, 
b, 1) in various countries; Elbert (103) pp. 140-166.—(b) Holo- 
tliurioidea,—N. American, see lists under iii, a, ii & iv; Clark 
( 65).—Large number from Indian Archipelago (see generic list, 
ill, a, iii), esp. Holothuria squamifera, Laetmogone enisus on coral 
sand, Thy one vitrea sheath of globigerina tests, Phyllophorus schmeltzi 
accidentally in plankton; Sluiter (284).—(d) Asteroidea ,—Asterias 
sp. brackish water of Shark R., N.J.; Nelson (220) p. 255.—(e) Ophiu- 
roidea,—in general; Hamann (146) p. 890.—(f) Crinoidea,—long 
stalks of deep-sea Crin., perhaps to raise them above the ever-growing 
deposit of Globigerina ooze ; Shipley (279) p. 244.—Gregarious habit 
of TJintacr. socialis, its local distrib., probably pelagic, swarming con¬ 
dition when killed; Springer (290) p. 9.—(g) Edrioasteroidea,— 
mode of attachment in Agelacrinidae; Clarke (69) p. 192. 
iv. Feeding :—(b) Feeding and food of Holothuria ; Cohnheim (70) 
esp. p. 22.— Cyclolepis agassizi abundant in gut of supposed Creta¬ 
ceous Holothuria; Hinterlechner (153) p. 473.—(c) Echinostrephus 
molare stored up and ate boiled rice; Alcock (3) p. 75.—(d) Of Ast.; 
Shipley & MacBride (280) pp. 240, 241, text-fig.—Food and method 
of feeding of Asterias; Mead (207) p. 206.— A. vulgaris as enemy of 
oyster, mode of attack, A. sp. feeds on black mud snails; Nelson 
(220) p. 255.—Feeding of Asteracanthion, chiefly a scavenger; Buer- 
kel (48) p. 26: feeding on mussels; Fauvel (108) p. 193: feeds on 
dead gar-pike in aquarium (p. 92), but in nature on shell-fish, mode 
of feeding discussed (p. 108), as carrion-feeder and scavenger (p. 109); 
Rauschenplat (254).—(e) Of Oph.; Hamann (146) p. 889.—Analysis 
of food of Ophioglypha albida ; Rauschenplat (254) p. 149. 
v. Defence and Protection :— 
a. Active :—Cuvierian organs of Holothuria captiva ; Clark (64) 
p. 342. 
b. Concealment:—Vacant. 
c. Protective Coloration: in Synapta vivipara, according to sea¬ 
weed on which it dwells; Clark (64) p. 341.—In Oph.; Hamann 
( 146) p. 893.—Conspicuous colour of many Echinoderms not pro¬ 
tective, e.g. Hippasterias, Solaster papposus, S. endeca, Cribrella 
sanguinolenta , Ophiura lacertosa, Strongylocentrotus lividus; Macin¬ 
tosh (197) p. 225.—Colour in deep-sea Echinoderms not meaning¬ 
less because visible by phosphorescent light; Nutting (227) pp. 848, 
850, and (228) pp. 133, 135.—Red colour of Echinoderms in deep 
sea appears same as black, and is therefore protective; Seeliger 
