12 Spong. 
XVII. SP0NGI7E. 
68. Wiegers, F. Zur Kenntniss des Diluviums der Ungegend von 
Liineburg. Zeitschr. Naturwiss. 72, 4 & 5 (April 1900), pp. 241-290, 
pis. iii and iv. [ill, B, iii, b; iv, g.] 
69. Wollemann, A. Die Fauna des Senon von Biewende bei Wolfenbiittel. 
Jahrb. geol. Landesanst. Berlin xxi, 1900 [1901]. Abbandlungen von 
ausserhalb der Konigb. geologischen Landesanstalt stehenden Persone, 
pp. 1-30. [iii, b, iii, b.] 
Yabe, H. See Zittel. 
Zemlitschka, F. [errore, Kemlitschka]. (81) Zool. Rec. 1900. 
Abstract of technical methods by Schoebel in Zeitschr. wiss. Mikr. 
xvii, 4 (April 1901), pp. 463 & 464; in Maas (39). 
Zittel. (82) Zool. Rec. 1900. 
Review [in Japanese] by H. Yabe, J. Geol. Soc. Tokyo viii, No. 22 (May 
1901), p. 235. 
II. BIOLOGY. 
A. Evolution. 
(i) General Principles. 
Nothing special. 
(ii) Relations of Sponges. 
Sponges may be, after all, “ protophytic and not protozoic,” because they 
assimilate silica; Guppy (25) p. 168.—Sponges and Radiolaria have 
“ numerous affinities ” and should be “ classed at a feeble distance ; ” 
Dollfus (18).—Sponges regarded as a circle (Kreis) of the Ccelenterate 
stem ; Kukenthal (34) p. 32.—Spongise as a “type” distinct from Coelen- 
terata, Grabau (24) p. 118.—Sponges as a separate phylum; Schmeil 
(49), Shipley & MacBride (53). 
(iii) Phytogeny. 
The structure of the ancestral Olynthus, and the evolution from it 
of the three great groups of sponges, as inferred from Ijima’s discoveries 
with regard to the structure of Hexactinellids ; Minchin in review of 
I JIM A (29). 
Tetliya as a connecting link between Tetraxonida and Monaxonida; 
Maas (37), see ii, b, iv, c. The genus Heteroraphidites n. g. [vide iv, d, 
ii, c] regarded in a similar light; Schrammen (50) pp. 18-20. 
The polypliyletic origin of the Litliistida ; the Tetracladina and Megamo- 
rina are descended from Clioristid ancestors, the former from Pachas- 
trellidce , the latter from Raphididce ; the Rliizomorina and Anomocladina 
spring from Monaxonid ancestors ; Schrammen (50) p. 3, and pp. 23-26. 
B. Morphology. 
(i) General Accounts. 
Shipley & MacBride (53). — The fresh-water sponge as a type of the 
Porifera, with remarks on other sponges ; Schmeil (49) pp. 476-478.— 
