18 Spong. 
XVII. SPONGI JE. 
D. Bionomics. 
(i) General Accounts.—Vacant. 
(ii) Special Habits.—Boring habits of Clionidce ; Rovereto (47) 
p. 231. 
(iii) Habitat.—The composition of the Cretaceous sponge-fauna 
indicates a sea-depth of about 150 meters; Schrammen (50) p. 22.—Habitat 
of siliceous sponge-faunas of the middle Miocene ; Malfatti (40) pp. 273, 
274.—Habitats of fresh-water sponges in the Elbe; Fric & Vavra (23) 
p. 86. 
(iv) Defence and Protection.—Function of the sieve-plate of 
Euplectella in guarding against the intrusion of animals into the gastral 
cavity, p. 38, footnote ; defensive function of the corona of Regadrella 
komeyamai , p. 253 ; of raphides, p. 101; Ijima (29). 
(v) Enemies of Sponges.—Trichopterous larvae ( Leptocerus ) feed¬ 
ing on fresh-water sponges; Fric & Vavra (23) p. 86. 
(vi) Parasitism and Commensalism.—The macrurous Crus¬ 
tacean Richardina spongicola entangled in Ilyalonema masoni .—The crab 
Cryptodromia pileifera always protected by a sponge ; Alcock (1) pp. 37, 
38.—Commensal Hydrozoa, causing papilla-like prominences of the sponge- 
wall, lodging the liydranths, in Regadrella phoenix , pp. 269 & 274.—Ophiu- 
roid and Polychaete Annelid in gastral cavity of Regadrella okinoseana , 
p. 251.—Commensal hydroid colony tenanting the sponge-wall of Walteria 
leuckarti , causing a growth of tubercles and branches, p. 283, and pp. 292 & 
293 .—Spongicola venusta occurring in pairs in gastral cavity of Euplectella 
oweni (p. 215), in Euplectella curvistellata and Hyalonema sieboldi (p. 219), 
occurring constantly in the gastral cavity of Euplectella marshalli , usually 
in pairs, occasionally single; also an Ophiuroid, probably Ophiothrix sp. 
(pp. 87 & 201).—Undetermined macrurous Crustacean, occurring singly in 
gastral cavity of Euplectella imperialism exceptionally absent in the larger 
specimens, but frequently so in the smaller ; occurrence of Chorilia sp., 
an oxyrhynchous crab, in the same situation; frequent occurrence of 
Ophiurids, p. 85, Ijima (29). 
Neuropterous larvae (Sisyra fuscata) common in fresh-water sponges, 
and Hydrachnids (Arrenurus affinis) on the surface of the sponges; Fric 
& Vavra (23) p. 86 .—Podophrya ( fixa?) in the canal-system of Spongilla 
vasta, p. 201.—Acari in Pachydictyum globosum n. g., n. sp. (Spongillime), 
p. 196; Weltner (62). Polythoa on Axinella cinnamonea ; Topsent (59' 
p. 348.—An Isopod, Cymodoce, infesting Plumohalichondria australis and 
other sponges; Whitelegge (64) p. 91. 
(vii) Sponges as Geological Agents, Fossilization.—Bio- 
nomical characteristics of sponges from a palaeontological point of view ; 
Grabau (24) pp. 338, 339. 
A calcified sponge rock ; Jukes-Browne & Scanes (30) p. 105.—Sponge- 
rocks ; Hind & Howe (28) pp. 395, 397, 399. 
Fossilization of siliceous sponges in the Chemung fauna; Clarke (11) 
p. 188.—Of triassic Calcarea from the Bakony; Vinassa de Regny (61) 
p. 5.—Conservation of sponge-skeletons in Cretaceous rocks; Schrammen 
( 50) pp. 1 & 2.—Fossilization of siliceous sponges of the middle Miocene; 
Malfatti (40) pp. 270-273. 
