580 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
[December, 
Designing for Scroll Sawing. 
A simple metliod of making designs for scroll 
work is as follows: Procure several sheets of 
thin plain white paper of any suitable size, a com¬ 
mon pen, ink, pencil, rubber, a square and dividers. 
Determine what article to design, and its size. 
Every part must be supported, to prevent splitting 
off. Make as few openings as possible, consistent 
with beauty and fitness for the purpose intended. 
An example : To design the back of a comb case 
twelve inches wide and seventeen inches long, with 
but three openings in the pattern, place a suffi¬ 
ciently large sheet of paper on a board or table, its 
narrow side towards you, and draw a line across 
Fig. 3. Fig. 4. 
its middle the longest way. Mark on this line two 
points seventeen inches apart. Through these 
points draw two very light parallel pencil lines 
across the paper. Three inches above the lowest 
point draw a line across the paper at right angles 
to the long first line. Four inches above this draw 
another line parallel to it. Then six inches on 
each side of the long line draw lines parallel to it. 
You will have a space twelve inches wide and four 
inches high, the place of the comb box ; your 
drawing will appear like figure 1. Now study the 
whole space, twelve by seventeen inches, to invent 
the design. Al! above and below the box space (of 
twelve by four inches) is to he made ornamental. 
With a pencil lightly sketch the pattern as you de¬ 
sign it in mind. It may be composed wholly of 
curves, or of curves and straight lines combined. 
After making a sketch of a suitable design, re¬ 
mark half of it (on one side of the long middle 
line), retouching here and there to perfect the pat¬ 
tern, erasing all unnecessary lines. The drawing 
will now appear as in figure 2. In'the half pattern 
finish the lines carefully with pen and ink. Fold 
the paper exactly on the center line first drawn, so 
that the inked lines will be on the outside. Place 
the paper against a pane of glass through which 
strong light is shining. Press the two folds close 
together. The ink lines of the drawing will show 
plainly through. Carefully trace with a pencil all 
the ink lines, and both sides of the design will be 
alike in every detail and part. Figure 3 shows 
how the pattern will now appear. This will be a 
design for the back part of the comb case. The 
front of the case will of course be like the back, 
after sawing through ; in this instance the ends of 
the box will be three and three-quarter inches long 
by three inches wide. The front is made plain, two 
sad three-quarters by twelve inches, the bottom 
three and a quarter by twelve inches. The front 
may be line-carved in any appropriate design, and 
then the completed comb case will appear as in 
figure 4. The right and left sides of all scroll 
designs may be duplicated in like manner. 
Designs with large openings like this may be 
pasted on medium thick card-board. Tack the 
card-board to the wood to be made up. Following 
the pattern lines, saw through card-board and 
wood, preserving the card carefully. This card 
pattern may be used as long as required, by mark¬ 
ing around it and sawing to the lead-pencil lines. 
How Indian Arrow-heads are Made. 
Many of your young readers have doubtless 
picked up the so-called Indian aripw-heads, and 
have wondered how such hard, tough flint-stones 
could be worked into such regular shapes. Some 
years ago I lived among the Indians in Southern 
Nevada, and was thus able to see them make 
arrow-heads, which, by the way, are really used as 
knives, tied upon wooden handles. In answer to 
my inquiries, the Indians intimated a good deal of 
mystery about it, pretending that they did not un¬ 
derstand my questions, or that the man who made 
them was away. Finally my friend “Bush-head 
Jem ” agreed, for the sum of one dollar, to bring 
the expert in stone-work. One day he solemnly 
came into the cabin accompanied by an old Indian, 
while a number of squaws outside of the cabin 
flattened their noses on the window and watched 
the proceedings. The payment of the dollar being 
settled, the Indian brought out his tools, consist¬ 
ing of a prong of deer’s horn, sharpened to a point, 
resembling a dull lead pencil, and a piece of thick 
buckskin. He placed the buckskin on the palm of 
his left hand, then firmly holding a flake of “ ob¬ 
sidian ’’ or volcanic glass between the tips of his 
fingers and the buckskin, with his right hand he 
pressed the point of the deer’s horn on the outside 
edge of the obsidian. A fragment flew off; an¬ 
other pressure, and another fragment was removed, 
until by repeated pressures he had worked one side 
into shape. The stone was then turned, and the 
process repeated. No blows were struck; simple 
pressure was sufficient to remove the splinters un¬ 
til a beautiful arrow-head was the result. The 
finishing touches were made with the thumb-nail. 
After the Indian had done all he could with the 
deer’s horn, the edges of the arrow-head were 
very sharp and thin, the outline smooth. He 
[ passed his thumb-nail across these edges, breaking 
out nichs or gaps, and thus completed the work. 
He made a number of them, taking only a few 
minutes for each. I purchased his tools and at¬ 
tempted the manufacture, succeeding tolerably. 
New Farm Implements and Appliances. 
Graphite Anti-friction Boxes- 
It is estimated that about one-third of the motive 
power in all our machines, vehicles, etc., is ex¬ 
pended in overcoming friction. Friction between 
moving surfaces is, in great measure diminished 
by the use of oils, fats, soap, and other lubricators. 
An excellent lubricator in general use, is a mixture 
of graphite with fats. Graphite, of which black- 
lead pencils are made, is a mineral, also called 
“black-lead ”and “plumbago”, although it does 
not contain lead. A Mr. Smalley has invented a 
method of application which makes use of graphite 
alone as a lubricator. The bearing or box in 
which a journal axle revolves, has on its interior 
surface a deep spiral groove, which is filled with 
the best graphite under great pressure. The en¬ 
graving shows, in section, a bearing of this kind. 
The graphite thus used keeps the moving part lu¬ 
bricated without the aid of oil or fat. Testimony as 
to the utility of this invention is given by a number 
of engineers in the U. S. Navy, and by others who 
have made use of it upon machinery and vehicles, 
and we learn that steps are being taken to bring it 
into general use for farm and other machines. 
The Danish Centrifugal Milk Separator. 
A few years ago, we gave an account of the early 
attempts to separate cream from milk by centrifu¬ 
gal force, and described the first machine used for 
the purpose. Since then, there has been a com¬ 
bination of several inventions, resulting in a ma¬ 
chine, the name of which is given above, and 
which promises to occupy an important place 
among modern dairy appliances. The “ separator ” 
consists essentially of a rapidly revolving cylinder. 
The milk is placed in this cylinder; the skim-milk 
being heaviest is thrown towards the circumfer¬ 
ence, while the lighter cream remains nearer the 
centre. By a proper arrangement of pipes, the 
skim-milk and the cream are drawn off separately. 
The engraving shows the general appearance of 
the separator. The highest portion is a reservoir, 
from which the milk flows in a continuous stream 
into the separator at the left hand. This consists 
of a wrought-steel cylinder,surrounded by a wrought 
iron casing, within which the steel cylinder is made 
to rotate very rapidly by means of steam or other 
power. The cream and the skim-milk, being thus 
separated by the centrifugal force, are collected by 
themselves as above stated. The process goes on 
continuously as long as fresh milk is supplied. 
Among the advantages claimed for this method 
are: A more complete separation of the cream, 
and consequently a larger amount of butter from a 
given quanity of milk, than is yielded by either 
cold setting or by setting in pans ; a great saving 
of ice over the ice system of setting; a great 
economy of room. Besides these, it is asserted 
that this method affords a superior quality of both 
butter and skim-milk. This method of separat¬ 
ing cream has been successfully employed in some 
of the best dairies, and appears to deserve the at¬ 
tention of those who would keep pace with the 
improvements in dairy methods and appliances. 
