138 
AMERICAN AGRICULTURIST. 
[April, 
through which the feed is placed in the trough. 
A cord prevents the door from opening further 
than needed, and a button holds it in place 
when closed. The advantages of this stall and 
Fig. 3.— STANCHIONS. 
mod® of fastening are, greater freedom of 
movement for the cattle, and a closer and 
warmer arrangement of the stable. The disad¬ 
vantage is want of cleanliness, which may 
be to some extent obviated by plenty of litter. 
It is often very desirable to have a close stall, 
in which an animal such as a bull, feeding ox, 
or an incoming cow or sick animal may be 
loosely confined without any fastening. Such 
a one is shown in fig. 4. It is built similarly 
to fig. 2, but has no 
chains, or if it should 
have they are not need¬ 
ed. A door is made to 
close the passage-way, 
and shut each stall frcm 
the next, if more than 
one is needed. This 
door may be swung 
round so as to close in 
the stall, and then the 
passage-way is* open. 
Thus the passage-way 
maybe made a part of 
each stall if desired. 
The trough, shown by 
dotted lines, may be 
divided for water and feed. A fattening ani¬ 
mal may remain in its stall for weeks or 
months. Kept thus solitary, it will feed better 
and fatten more readily than if at liberty. 
Plentiful littering will keep the animal clean, 
and as the manure (and straw) accumulates it 
is trodden down hard and tight, and does not 
need removal until the animal is taken away. 
tive committee of the association will be allowed 
to admit to entry animals bred in this country 
whose record may not be entirely complete, but 
which there is every reason to believe pure. 
Such entries must be accompanied by an ex¬ 
planatory note, stating the precise character of 
the defect in the record. 
The third rule bears rather harshly on those 
who have made a lucrative business of the im¬ 
portation of Jerseys, but after a full discussion 
it was decided that the true interests of the 
breed could not be faithfully guarded, except 
by such an absolute prohibition. The Executive 
Committee is to decide whether any individual 
importer is to be considered a dealer. The 
second rule is of the utmost importance. The 
rage for Jerseys has been so great, that there 
was danger that, under the high prices now 
ruling, all the poor cheap animals on the Island 
of Jersey would find their way to this country. 
The entry in the Herd-Book of the Island So¬ 
ciety is based on an examination of each animal, 
and if we take only such as have passed this 
examination, we shall stand a fair chance of im¬ 
proving our stock instead of debasing it. 
Applications for entry should be made to Col. 
Geo. E. Waring, Jr., of Ogden Farm, Newport, 
R. I., who is the Secretary of the Club, and the 
editor of its Herd-Register, who will furnish the 
The Hew Rules of the American Jer¬ 
sey Cattle Club. 
After an experience of three years with the 
pedigrees of Jersey cattle, the above-named 
association (which now numbers about one hun¬ 
dred, including most of the best and most reli¬ 
able breeders in the country) has adopted the 
following rules for the admission of pedigrees 
into its Herd Register: 
1. All animals imported from the Island of 
Jersey up to the date of the last meeting of the 
Club (January 24th, 1871) are eligible for entry. 
2. No animals imported after the above date 
will be admitted to entry, unless they—or their 
sires and dams—are already entered in the Herd 
Book of the Royal Jersey Agricultural Society. 
3. No animals imported after the above date 
by a dealer will under any circumstances be ad¬ 
mitted to entry, whether reputed to be pedi¬ 
gree stock or not. 
4. Until the end of the year 1872, the execu¬ 
Fig. 4.— BOX-STALL. 
requisite information to those who wish to have 
pedigrees recorded. 
Our Forests—Great Waste. 
The annual products drawn by the people of 
the United States from the forests exceed one 
thousand millions of dollars, or eight times the 
interest on the national debt! This being 
the case, the preservation of our forests, and the 
right method of cutting timber, is a matter of 
general interest and of national importance. 
To save our limber, wm must not only cut no 
more than is necessary, but cut it in a proper 
and economical manner. We must stop the 
merciless waste and primitive method of chop¬ 
ping with axes, and use saws scientifically. The 
forests of Europe are protected by law, and 
the removal of their timber is carefully and eco¬ 
nomically performed. 
Not to speak of the decrease of moisture and 
other climatic changes superinduced by remov¬ 
ing trees, let us look at the matter in a lower as¬ 
pect, and compute the profit and loss. 
Probably not less than thirty millions of 
the people of America are warmed by wood 
fuel, consuming more than one hundred million 
cords per annum, as any one knowing the prodi¬ 
gal use in our newer timber districts, will certify. 
If mills, railroads, and steamboats consume one 
third as much, reckoning the cost at $3 per cord, 
we have four hundred million dollars annually 
for fuel alone. An equal consumption of timber 
for fencing, and alike amount for wooden build¬ 
ings of all kinds, give the enormous aggregate 
of one thousand two hundred millions of dol¬ 
lars annually, produced by our forests for con¬ 
sumption. 
When we consider the fencing and farm- 
buildings required by our more than four mil¬ 
lion farms, if reckoned at one hundred and 
fifty dollars, annually , to each farm, making 
six hundred millions of dollars, and when all the 
use3 of wood are considered, few men who have 
traveled widely, and observed and estimated 
closely, will deny that more than one thousand 
million dollars in products is derived from our 
forests annually—five times the value of our 
largest cotton crop, ten times the production of 
our pig-iron, twelve times our production of 
gold and silver, and f«ur times our wheat crop. 
Indeed, few single interests exceed in value the 
enormous production of our forests. 
How to cut timber with saws scientifically 
may be treated of in another article, and I will 
only at this time point out some of the advan¬ 
tages over the wasteful and primitive ax. First, 
saw the trees down; they can be cut closer and 
with greater economy than by chopping, and by 
the use of ivedges felled in any desired direction. 
They can be cut with less labor, if the operator 
knows how, and uses the most improved saw. 
If the tree be designed for fuel, the saving by 
sawing it the length desired on the ground in 
the forest is manifest. If for stove-wood, the 
blocks may be carted without splitting,and when 
thus sawed, trees that any chopper would leave 
to rot in the forest, become instantly available; 
for who does not know that a one-foot block may 
be split easier than one of four feet, besides sav¬ 
ing the immense waste of a chip a foot in width ? 
From one third to one quarter of the trees in 
many forests are what woodmen regard as 
“ culls,” and tough timber; this, added to the 
saving of the chips, makes fully one third of the 
forests available for fuel that might otherwise 
be wasted and remain an obstruction and in¬ 
cumbrance. Those who, like the writer, are 
conversant with this matter, will appreciate 
this statement, made from actual experience. 
Saw-logs and dimension-timber, fencing, posts, 
etc., in the Northern States are now usually 
sawed, but in a recent trip through all the 
Southern States (except Texas) I noticed in mill 
and lumber-yards the splintered ends of saw- 
logs cut with axes; indeed, this is the general 
method of country mills there, but improved 
methods will soon prevail everywhere in all 
wood-cutting. 
Now let us consider the time and labor saved 
by sawing, instead of chopping. To cut one 
huudred million cords of wood with the ax re¬ 
quires as many days’ labor, and as many dollars ; 
if the use of hand cross-cut saws be substituted, 
and only one half the labor be saved, the fifty 
millions now thrown away are gained, besides 
the immense waste of fuel, making in the two 
items an annual saving of an amount equal to 
the interest of the national debt. B. 
Raising Hay for Market. 
“ A. J.," Smyrna, Tenn., writes us that he in¬ 
tends to try and raise hay for market, and wants 
information as to manures, implements, presses, 
best modes of storing the hay, etc., etc. 
First, as to manures for the land. It is not 
absolutely necessary to keep stock to raise hay, 
as it has been abundantly demonstrated that 
commercial manures, with occasional dressings 
