336 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
Nov. 
cows, 12 young cattle, Hereford bull, 1 span work hor¬ 
ses, 1 of breed mares, and 4 young horses. These 
breeds of cattle are not pure blood, but crosses of De¬ 
vonshire, Durham and native. 
My cattle are all wintered in good warm stables, and 
furnished with corn fodder, chaff and roots as long as 
they last, then have hay, cob and corn meal the re¬ 
mainder of the winter. In pleasant weather they are 
allowed to run in the yards through the day, where they 
have access to straw stacks and water. In this man¬ 
ner my cattle are kept in a thriving condition through 
the winter. 
About 300 lbs. butter and 200 cheese are usually 
made per annum from four cows, and after the usual 
manner. 
The number of sheep is 200. They are from one- 
fourth to full blood merino, averaging about 3 lbs. per 
fleece. About 200 lbs. of this is manufactured at home; 
the residue this year sold for only 25 cents per lb. in 
©ur place. About 100 ewes produce lambs; from 90 to 
100 lambs reared. Sheep are very low here now; the 
butchers will pay only from $1 to $1.50, and for lambs 
from 62^ cts. to $1. 
My sheep are wintered in yards, provided with wa¬ 
ter, and good sheds, with racks and troughs under them, 
where I feed with hay, straw, bean and pea vines. 
Usually commence feeding my breeding ewes with oats, 
oil meal, or broom corn seed, about the first of Februa¬ 
ry. Usual loss, 3 per cent, per annum. 
My swine consist of 1 Leicester boar, two Leicester 
sows, six barrows now fattening, and nine pigs, all the 
above-mentioned breed. These swine are furnished with 
the refuse of the farm and kitchen during the summer, 
and have access to the pasture and falling fruits of the 
orchard. Those intended for fattening, are put up in 
October and fed with steamed potatoes and apples for 
about 6 weeks, then fed with cooked corn or barley for 
about four weeks, on which they fatten rapidly. My 
spring pigs are butchered at 8 months old, weighing 
about 250; last year, by extra pains, they went over 
three hundred, when dressed; some at eighteen months, 
weighing from three to four hundred. 
I have made no experiments with root crops, as to 
their relative value when compared with corn; but 
usually feed two or three hundred bushels potatoes and 
carrots to my milch cows, working horses and oxen, and 
find them nearly equal to oats. 
Fences, Buildings, &c. —For explanation please re¬ 
fer to the diagrams annexed. 
No. 1 is front yard, elevated above the level of the 
road by means of stone wall, backed up by earth, and 
crowned with a good picket fence; X portico and stone 
steps. No. 2, dwelling house, one and a-half stories 
high, consisting of drawing-room, parlor, hall, dining¬ 
room, bed-room, kitchen, well-room, cheese-room, pan¬ 
try, sink-room, wood-house, &c., on the first floor, and 
upper story consisting of parlor chamber, lodging- 
rooms, clothes presses, 8tc. Also a cellar, 30 by 38, 
consisting of bake room, fruit cellar, vegetable cellar, 
store room and larder. No. 3, smoke and ash house 
with stone bottom. No. 4, bee house. No. 5, water 
cdoset. No. 6, carriage house and horse barn. No. 7, 
corn barn. No. 8, hog and pig house, consisting of 
passage way, arch, water reservoir, brought by means 
of lead pipes, and 4 apartments, with stone floor as a 
basement, and a principal story above consisting of 
work shop and to*ol room, 12 by 30 feet; also steam 
room, 12 by 18; also, garret above for lumber, 8cc. 
No. 9, tunnel under ground, communicating from hog 
house to orchard. No. 10, open shed and manure ba¬ 
sin. No. 11, stable for young cattle. No. 12, passage 
from hog house to young orchard. No. 13, garden, 
(vegetable) well enclosed with a good pale fence. No. 
14, calf yard. No. 15, peach and pear orchard. Noe. 
16 and 16, reservoirs of water, brought from main ce¬ 
ment pipes, through small leaden ones. This cement 
pipe is made of water lime and sand, and laid 2\ feet 
under ground, conducting a stream of water \\ inches 
in diameter, some 60 rods from a main reservoir crea¬ 
ted by under draining, which affords an abundance of 
living water at all seasons of the year, for all house 
and barn purposes. No. 17, barn yard in which is a 
large basin some 2 feet deep, which receives a princi¬ 
pal part of the wash of the yard, and retains all the 
fine particles of manure. No. 18, horse barn, with hay¬ 
loft and manure cellar, 18 by 25. No. 19, store room 
and apple grinder, with hay loft, and sheep-fold base¬ 
ment. No. 20, cider press with loft for storage. No. 
21, sheep yard. No. 22, sheep and poultry yard, en¬ 
closed with tight board fence, with pickets and wires, 
&c. No. 23, open shed with feeding trough. No. 24, 
stable for oxen. No. W, machine house, containing 
horse power, which drives threshing machine, wood saw, 
straw cutter, &c. No. 25, circular saw, for sawing 
wood, &c. No. 26, horse power, (railroad patent) hay 
loft over all. No. 27, stable for cattle, with loft above 
for hay or grain. Nos. 28, 29, 30 and 31, threshing 
floor, bay for grain or hay, passage way, and stable for 
cattle, with a good loft over all for hay, grain or fod¬ 
der. No. 32, poultry house. No. 33, orchard. No. 
34, sheep shed. 
Fences. —My fence is mostly made of good substan¬ 
tial chestnut rails, after the usual form of worm fence, 
with the corners well locked. I have 138 rods of board 
fence on cedar posts, 4| feet high; also 25 rods pale 
fence. The board and pale fence cost 75 cents per rod. 
There is 1,746 rods of the rail fence, and 31,428 rails, 
which were all split from timber growing upon the 
farm. Cost $5 per thousand for cutting and splitting; 
the same for drawing and laying up. which will be 18 
cents per rod. The total length of these fences is 5 
miles and 309 rods. So much fencing on the farm is in- 
consequence of a road running on two sides of it, and 
another across the south end. I also have a lane 3 rods 
wide extending from my barns through the centre of 
the farm to the road south, where I have a tunnel un¬ 
der the road, that my stock can pass to and from the 
pasture on the opposite side. The fields are principal¬ 
ly arranged to enter from this lane. The condition of 
my fences is good, and all of durable timber—made 7 
rails high, equaling 5| feet. 
Farm Accounts. —All my crops are accurately 
weighed or measured, excepting the hay and corn fod¬ 
der. Correct accounts are kept of the loads of hay 
and bundles of corn fodder, and occasionally a load of 
each are weighed, that I may ascertain nearly the 
amount of each raised. It is all set down in my farm 
book, and enables me to ascertain the amount of stock 
that can be wintered, besides other benefits accruing 
from this accuracy. I keep tackle and large steelyard 
for the purpose of weighing hay or other feed for dif¬ 
ferent animals, for my own convenience and satisfac¬ 
tion, to ascertain the expense of keeping, &c. My ac¬ 
counts are all daily registered with such minuteness as 
enables me to know the expense or income of all my 
transactions. Debt and credit is kept with each field, 
with the same precision as with individuals. 
I keep accurate and regular farm accounts, and the 
annual expense of improving, and the income from it, 
is kept with such exactness and precision as enables me 
to strike an accurate balance of the debt and credit at 
the close of each year. A memorandum is kept through 
the day, of the kind, cost and amount of labor in each 
field, and at night all is minutely registered in my farm 
book. I have a diagram of the farm, on which all the 
fields are numbered, and regular debt and credit is kept 
with each field. Also an inventory is taken of all my 
stock, tools, debts, dues, &c., at the close of each year, 
