340 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
Nov. 
preparation of the ground. It should be very deep¬ 
ly plowed and very thoroughly enriched. If it is 
subsoiled first, it may be easily trench-plowed af¬ 
terwards, the latter serving more effectually to in¬ 
termix the manure to a full depth. 
To cultivate the ground, and avoid barking the 
trees, fasten one horse before the other, using a ve¬ 
ry short whiffle-tree next the plow, and let a boy 
ride the forward horse. This arrangment will al¬ 
low the plow to pass as near the roots as may be 
desired. 
Autumn Work. 
Every cultivator of fruit, who expects to keep up 
a supply, must occasionally renew his plantation. 
Of some kinds, and more especially peaches, it will 
often be found both easier and cheaper, to plant 
young trees, than to resuscitate old ones. 
Hardy kinds of fruit trees, as the apple, if set in 
autumn, will get an earlier start the next season, 
than by removal in spring. But tender sorts, as the 
peach and apricot, are more safely transplanted af¬ 
ter the danger of winter frost has passed. This 
danger, however, will scarcely exist if good soil is 
chosen, and proper care taken. 
Low and wet soils, or ground which is clayey and 
holds water like a tub, or such soils as are liable to 
become flooded before freezing up, are dangerous 
for tender trees, newly set out by the usual mode. 
Where it becomes necessary from the force of cir¬ 
cumstances to plant on such lands, the holes must 
be well drained, which maybe effected by previous¬ 
ly running a deep furrow along the line of the holes, 
and afterwards placing a small quantity of brush in 
this furrow before filling it, along which the water 
may soak away. 
But on low and moist soils, it has been found de¬ 
cidedly advantageous to set the trees without trig¬ 
ging any holes, as represented in the annexed fig¬ 
ure. (a.) The tree is set directly upon the rich 
mellow surface, (indicated by the dotted line,) and 
the earth thrown upon the roots so as thoroughly to 
cover them, and form a very broad and flat mound 
of earth. This not only gives the roots a deeper 
soil, but it is nearly impossible for the water to ac¬ 
cumulate among them. By throwing the furrows 
occasionally towards the row, the rising surface 
will be maintained, and a furrow left between for 
drainage. 
Trees of moderate size, with good broad roots, 
with one years’ shoots properly shortened back, say 
about one-half or two-thirds of each, will not often 
need staking; very rarely, if a mound of earth is 
banked up a foot high round the trunk, till the tree 
is in leaf. But with large heads and badly cut 
roots, staking cannot be easily avoided. Where 
this is the case, a very convenient way is to drive 
the stake into the bottom of the hole before the 
earth is thrown in, as in the accompanying figure, 
(6) and subsequently binding the tree with straw 
to the stake, so as to preclude the possibility of 
chafing. 
There are several other operations which the fruit 
cultivator must not forget before the winter sets in. 
Tender trees may be materially protected in some 
instances by a circle of manure about their stems, 
the soakings of‘which will only enrich the soil, till 
it is removed when warm weather approaches. 
But one of the best possible means of protection is 
a dry soil and subsoil for all such trees, without 
which all artificial modes of covering will be of but 
doubtful efficacy. 
Young trees in localities unfavorable to rich cul¬ 
tivation, and which may not be sufficiently vigorous 
in growth, may be given new vigor by covering the 
soil several feet around them with yard manure, and 
sprinkling this with half an inch of ashes, spading 
the whole under early in spring. 
A fresh mound of earth should be banked up 
round the stems of such trees as may be in the least 
danger of injury from mice, which will result in 
their perfect exclusion. 
A top-dressing of manure on strawberry beds 
will protect them from the winter, and enrich, by 
soaking, the soil near the surface. 
Tender raspberries, &c., are very neatly and ef¬ 
fectually protected by a covering of evergreen 
boughs, of moderate thickness, shutting out the 
sun’s rays from the frozen stems being very essential. 
The Everbearing Raspberry. 
This celebrated sort has excited many inquiries, and 
has perhaps been overpraised. The common American 
Black raspberry or “ Black-cap,” is a valuable kind, 
and especially adapted to some of the lighter soils, 
where the Antwerps succeed but imperfectly. The su¬ 
periority of the Everbearing over this, is pointed out 
in the following extract of a letter from a very experi¬ 
enced cultivator:—“It is only a variety of our wild 
black raspberry, w'hich, in very rich ground , sends up 
suckers through summer and autumn, flow T ering Ind 
fruiting the same season,—exactly as the last year’s 
stems produce bearing shoots on the common kind. The 
quantity of fruit, however, must be very limited; and 
coming at a time when our finest kinds are in season, I 
consider it of little value. Other persons, however, 
may think differently. The everbearing Alpine straw¬ 
berry, I think, is precisely a parallel case, for I presume 
this straw r berry is not a new species.” 
Office of Leaves Illustrated. —During the last 
hot. dry weather, the leaves of one rose bush dried up, 
and I w r as apprehensive I should lose the plant.,—the 
only one of the kind I had. The thought struck me 
that each leaf v 7 as pumping out. the moisture, and 
therefore I cut off every one. The result w T as, the 
tw r igs ceased to wither, and the buds are now swelling 
for a new start. Over deep, loose subsoils, such disas¬ 
ters may rarely occur. Fearing it might not live, 
