214 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
June 
must be taken, or it will heat and drive off the am¬ 
monia. What effect does this have on the value of 
the manure? A correspondent of The Cultivator, 
May, 1849, p. 139, says a neighbor of his spread 
his green manure over his yard that it might lay 
through the summer and mull. After becoming 
thoroughly mulled, would it be worth more than 20 
per cent? Cannot some one enlighten the unscien¬ 
tific on this subject? W. L. Eaton. 
Stump Machines. 
Agreeably to the request of a correspondent, we 
herewith give cuts and descriptions of two stump 
machines. Fig. 1 represents one that has been used 
extensively in Vermont and the northern part of 
this State. It may be made by any farmer, and can 
be operated with a good degree of efficiency and 
dispatch. The cost of the apparatus is about $100. 
It is said to have been invented by two brothers by 
the name of Manchester, of Burlington, Vt., in 
1828. It is described as follows: 
“It is simply the wheel and axle on a large scale. 
The uprights should be 11 feet high, 10 by 12 ii di¬ 
es square, of hard wood. The sills 7 by 9 inches 
square, 14 feet long and turned up at the ends, sled 
runner fashion, to enable it to slide easily on the 
ground. Let the posts be firmly morticed into the 
sills, and well braced. The axle or shaft, should 
be white oak, ash, or maple; 18 inches in diameter, 
with the gudgeons 8 inches. It should be 20 feet 
long, and 2 pins should be driven into it, outside the 
posts, to keep them together. The wheel should 
be about 18 feet in diameter, with 8 spokes; 4 of 
which should go through the axle, and the other 4 
set as deep as possible into the shaft without cutting 
away too much wood, for fear of weakening it. The 
spokes are to be white oak plank, 8 by 3 inches 
square. Let the felloes be sawed out of 4 inch 
plank, and planked by two courses of inch boards 
on the two sides, in such a manner as to “ break 
joints,” (as the phrase is,) with the first set; thus, 
and at the same time, to form a groove to keep the 
rope from slipping off. Then get two strong chains 
made of 1\ inch iron, and 12 feet long each. Fast¬ 
en one end of each by a strong staple to the axle, 
and on the other end of one have a hook, on the oth¬ 
er a large link or ring. Then fasten one end of a 
1% inch rope on the wheel, give it two or three turns 
around it, and your machine is complete. Now 
bring your two yoke of cattle, and one assistant; 
hitch them to the staples, (which should be in each 
end of each sill,) and drive where you like. Dig a 
hole under the main root of the stump, (on one side 
if possible.) and pass vour chain under it. Hitch 
your cattle to the end of the rope, and they will 
draw any stump that ever grew in the ground.” 
Fig. 2 represents a very powerful stump machine, 
invented by R. Hall, of Owego, N. Y., which re¬ 
ceived the premium and silver medal of the New- 
York State Agricultural Society in 1846. The fol¬ 
lowing extract from a description written by Geo. 
J. Pumpelly, Esq., of Owego, will give a good 
idea of its operation. 
a small horse to work it to advantage. Its cost, 
with all the chains, levers, &c., is from $300 to 
$400. 
“Upon some of our best lands in the southern 
counties, the Stump Machine must precede all ag¬ 
ricultural implements but the axe. The expense is 
considerable, being from 15 to 25 cents per stump, 
but the ground is thereby thoroughly cleaned to any 
depth. The stumps are either made into fence or 
burnt; the plow and harrow do their work, the seed 
is sown, and the effect is like magic; the unsightly 
stumps are gone, and the -whole field is like a gar¬ 
den. 
“ There are four or five different, kinds of stump 
machines now in use in this county, and some of 
them work very well; but Hall’s is the most power¬ 
ful, most convenient in the application of power, 
and is least likely to get out of repair.” 
Exhibition of Works of Industry of all Nations 
in 1851. 
The Commissioners having in charge the arrange¬ 
ments and management of this grand exhibition, 
have fixed on the first day of May, 1851, for its 
opening. They will be prepared to receive all arti¬ 
cles intended for exhibition, at some place in Lon¬ 
don, to be hereafter named, on and after the first 
of January, 1851, and goods will be received till the 
first of March, after which none will be received. 
In the plan of the exhibition, the articles to be of¬ 
fered for prizes, are comprised under four general 
divisions, and jthe principles on which the prizes will 
be awarded, will be understood from the following 
extracts from a circular issued by the Commission¬ 
ers : 
“ In the department of Raw Materials and 
Produce, prizes will be awarded upon a considera¬ 
tion of the value and importance of the article, and 
the superior excellence of the particular specimens 
exhibited; and in the case of prepared materials, 
coming under this head of the Exhibition, the juries 
will take into account the novelty and importance 
of the prepared product, and the superior skill and 
ingenuity manifested in the process of preparation 
“In the department of Machinery, the prizes 
will be given with reference to novelty in the inven¬ 
tion, superiority in the execution, increased efficien¬ 
cy, or increased economy, in the use of the article 
exhibited. The importance, in a social or other 
point of view, of the purposes to which the article 
is to be applied, will also be taken into considera¬ 
tion, as will also the amount of the difficulties over¬ 
come in bringing the invention to perfection. 
