THE CULTIVATOR. 
325 
crop. Another very skilful farmer of our acquaintance, 
finds so much benefit from the mixture of the subsoil, 
that he considers a decided advantage would result, so 
far as raising wheat is concerned, if six inches of the 
surface of his land were entirely removed and carried 
off. 
Subsoil plowing would doubtless be useful in such 
cases to a certain extent; but we would more particularly 
recommend thorough trench plowing—one plow to fol¬ 
low the first, so as to loosen and throw up the soil to the 
depth of at least one foot,—the last team to be double 
and attached to a strong plow. 
BENEFITS OF AGRICULTURAL FAIRS. 
An immense interest is evidently awakened throughout 
the country in favor of these meetings, and it is only 
necessary that they be properly conducted, to ensure their 
great and permanent usefulness. 
There are, or may be, important advantages of a 
social, may we not be permitted to say political nature, 
connected with these annual gatherings of those devoted 
to the agricultural interest. A free and familiar inter¬ 
course should be had by farmers, on all topics connected 
with their calling. The various modes of protecting 
and advancing this interest—the most important of all 
interests, both in a national and individual sense—should 
be freely discussed and understood. As no other opportu¬ 
nity is more favorable, let the great meeting of the New- 
York State Agricultural Society, be made an annual 
Agricultural Congress, where the ways and means 
of advancing the cause of agriculture and the interests 
therewith connected, shall be fully considered. Let this 
plan be adopted and continued, till an union of feeling 
and concert of action among this class, shall cause their 
influence to be felt and answered in our national councils! 
till the farmer shall receive from our legislative bodies 
the respect to which his acknowledged usefulness entitles 
him! 
From the advantage which these shows afford for the 
sale or exchange of animals, the purchase of implements 
of husbandry and articles of every description, it is very 
desirable that the feature of fairs should as far as possible 
be incorporated into the general system of agricultural 
associations. To all classes it would be convenient, but 
to purchasers and breeders of stock, the opportunity of 
comparing the merits of different breeds, herds, and par¬ 
ticular animals, and obtaining by purchase or exchange, 
such as each one needs to carry forward his improve¬ 
ments, would be of incalculable benefit. If, for instance, 
the show of the New-York State Society could be per¬ 
manently located at some point easily accessible, the 
purchasers and sellers of all kinds of stock, from a large 
portion of the country, would resort thither in crowds ; 
and the longer the system was continued, the greater 
would be its advantages, and the greater would be the 
numbers annually drawn together. 
We have been induced to make these latter remarks, 
from knowing that numerous sales of stock and imple¬ 
ments took place at the late exhibition at Utica. From 
what we saw and heard, we have reason to believe that 
sales were effected at this exhibition to a much greater 
extent than at any previous one: indeed, we are informed 
by those whose position enables them to possess correct 
information on this subject, that the sales made at this 
time, were more extensive than at all previous shows of 
the society included. Sheep, of both fine and long- 
wooled breeds, were purchased for various sections of 
the country, from Maine to Mississippi. Horses were 
purchased for different sections—the pair of matched or 
carriage horses which took the first premium, being 
bought by Mr Gilmor, of Maryland. Cattle of various 
breeds, also, changed owners to a considerable extent, 
and at fair prices. 
The Tribune suggests another improvement in con¬ 
ducting these fairs, to which we cordially respond, viz: 
that “there be a succession of ofl-hand, farmer-like 
addresses, by all who shall be deemed able and shall 
avow themselves willing to shed light on any department 
of agriculture.” By having suitable men engaged before¬ 
hand, to speak on various subjects—as stock of different 
kinds, cultivation of different crops, manures, &c., we 
have no doubt (hat a great amount of information of the 
most practical and valuable kind, would be elicited. We 
hope to see these suggestions carried out, and the useful¬ 
ness of the society perfected and extended to the utmost 
limit. 
FOREIGN. 
By the latest arrival we have our foreign exchanges to 
the first of September. It seems to be well established 
that the wheat crop of Great Britain will prove a full 
average. The harvest was very late, owing to the pre¬ 
valence of cold and wet weather. Much of the grain 
was beaten down in the fields, and great anxiety was at 
one time experienced lest it should be injured by sprout¬ 
ing; but it is stated that the expected losses in this par¬ 
ticular are not of a serious nature. Numerous accounts 
are given of the injury to the potatoe crop by the rot, 
which by the description seems to be similar to the dis¬ 
ease from which so much damage has been experienced 
in this country for the last few years. Throughout the 
kingdom there appears to be plentiful supplies of hay and 
pasture herbage; by which the graziers are considerably 
benefitted, and stock has been brought into fine condition. 
Advices from Scotland and Ireland are favorable to the 
yield of wheat, barley and oats. 
Dr. Dana’s Essay on Manures.— We notice that this 
valuable paper is copied at length into the London Far. 
mer’s Magazine. It is a sterling production, and we are 
pleased to see that it is appreciated on the other side of 
the water. 
TRANSPLANTING APPLE TREES. 
All hardy fruit trees, more especially apples, will bear 
a considerable portion of manure in the soil, provided it 
has previously been well intermixed with the soil and 
thoroughly rotted. 
A very successful experiment was made two years ago 
by the writer, the results of which are now very strik¬ 
ing, by digging very large holes for apple trees, and 
tilling them with a mixture of soil and rotted manure. 
A thorough intermixture of the soil and manure was ef¬ 
fected, as they were gradually filled in, by means of a 
large toothed iron rake. The holes were about seven 
feet in diameter, and a foot deep. In setting out the 
trees, common garden earth only was placed in contact 
with the roots, consequently the effect of the mixed rot¬ 
ted manure was not visible the first year. The present 
year, however, its influence has been most obvious in 
the rapid growth of the shoots, and in the uncommonly 
dark and rich hue of the large and luxuriant foliage. 
It is hardly necessary to add that the soil as a matter 
of course was kept clean and in a mellow slate, and that 
the trees were tied to an upright stake, driven into the 
hole before filling, to prevent shaking and loosening by 
the wind. 
STATE OF THE CROPS. 
Connecticut. —Mr. J. S. Yeomans, Columbia, undea 
date of Sept. I, says—“ The grass crop was not an aver- 
jage ; oats good; corn will be injured some by drouth, 
| but I think there will be more than an average crop.” 
Canada West. —Mr. J. B. Bagwell, near Toronto, 
writes that winter wheat turned out well—20 to 40 bush¬ 
els per acre—25 bushels being the general average of the 
neighborhood. Quality good. Spring wheat light—in¬ 
jured by rust—not more than 15 to 20 bushels per acre, 
but gave straw enough for 25 to 30 bushels. Italian 
spring wheat is on the whole the best of the spring varieties 
for that section. It is a week or ten days earlier than the 
other varieties. Oats very short, hay light—no rain of 
consequence since the middle of June. Early potatoes 
a failure-—late ones may do better if frost holds off. Peas 
not an average. Corn nearly worthless. Fruit of all 
kinds scarce, being mostly killed by frosts in May. 
Potatoes had better be dug as soon as possible. Tur¬ 
nips, cabbages, &c., may stay in the ground till Nov. 
