these traditions, malaria was probably known as early as 500 B.C. If 
so, it may have come from the East, and malaria is frequently 
mentioned in the Sanscrit writings. (See Jolly, Grundriss der Indo- 
Arischen Philologic and Altertumskunde , medic in , p. 72.) 
But, if the literary evidence can be trusted, the disease did not 
appear in Attica before 450 B.C., became more common during the 
period 430-400, and finally was so wide-spread as to be designated in 
the common speech, though not in the medical writings, by the words 
7rupero?, Trupeaato, without further qualification. Every medical 
writer after Hippocrates mentions malaria in the clearest possible 
language. Even the remittent forms are discussed, although at first 
the Greek physicians seem to have been often unable to distinguish 
remittent from continuous fevers -a fact not to be wondered at when 
we remember that thermometers did not yet exist. Double and mixed 
infections were recognised after a while, and Major Ross believes that 
in the “semi-tertian" we are to see the double malignant tertian. 
Malarial cachexia, with its attendant evils, splenomegaly, anaemia 
and dropsy, is described again and again, usually in connection with 
marshy places. “ Fever" is often ascribed to over-fatigue, and it is 
well known that in a highly malarious country exertion will usually 
precipitate an attack. Typhoid, clear descriptions of which are 
curiously lacking in the ancient medical writings, generally takes in 
them a malarial form, exhibiting tertian periodicity without the 
peculiar characteristics of typhoid, diarrhoea and rose-coloured spots, 
while pain in the region of the liver is far more common than in 
ordinary forms of the disease. Now typhoid often assumes this form 
in malarious districts, as the doctors of the non-malarious North 
discovered when, in the American Civil War, they treated patients 
in the malarious South. 
In the non-medical writers malaria is mentioned many times, 
though not so often as in Latin literature. I can find clear references 
in Sophocles, Aristophanes, Plato, Aristotle, Demosthenes and the 
inscriptions. 
It is quite impossible, in the absence of direct testimony, to say 
when malaria first came into Greece. But the fact that vrvpero 9 
in the sense of “ fever ” does not occur before the time of Hippocrates, 
combined with the probability that at first older people were 
frequently attacked, makes it likely that the disease did not become 
