THE CULTIVATOR. 
the soil will grow, should be cultivated and ploughed under for ma¬ 
nure. When as much vegetation is procured from an exhausted soil 
as it is capable of producing, and also as much animal matter as may 
be obtained from the cattle grazed on it, and the animalcula which 
are fed and sheltered by it, the next thing to be considered is, how 
this scanty product may be most advantageously used, and with the 
least possible expense. The quantity of inert earth is often very 
great in proportion to the animal and vegetable matter derived from 
the green crop grown on it: therefore but little comparative good is 
to be expected, unless this manure be so applied and ordered, that 
the whole expanding force and enriching matter contained in it, be 
expanded within the soil to the best advantage. However, if this 
be done, the benefit derived from it will be found much greater than 
has been commonly obtained from ploughing green crops under the 
soil, for the growth of fallow crops. 
To illustrate this, I will again refer to buckwheat. That plant is 
too often threshed on the field where it grew, and the straw left in 
large heaps to perish, with but little ultimate use to the cultivator. 
We may observe, after the straw has been decomposed, that the re¬ 
maining matter is very little, when compared with the original bulk of 
the heaps. This, together with the evident texture of the straw, 
seems to determine that water forms a very considerable proportion 
of the plant. It of consequence contains much less nutritive matter, 
than most of the plants ploughed under the soil for manure. It has 
however notwithstanding this, been ploughed under with very great 
success, for a wheat crop ; especially in England. Now we all know, 
that although the wheat will stubble, fall, and become unproductive, 
when too much manure is applied for ihe crops, still much nutriment 
is required to grow a good crop of that grain. Why then does a crop 
of buckwheat, ploughed under the soil, supply sufficient nutriment to 
effect this purpose, when it clearly appears to furnish but little nuiri- 
tive matter for the growth of plants 7 The reason is obvious, and 
the principle highly important to the interests of agriculture, if farm¬ 
ers would make a general application of it. After the buckwheat is 
ploughed under the soil, it remains undisturbed by folly, and the in¬ 
jurious and very expensive labor too generally used when fallow crops 
are cultivated: consequently, fermentation keeps the soil open and 
mellow for tharoots of the plants, and decomposition supplies them 
with nutriment. As none of the enriching and fertilizing matter, 
arising from the decomposition of the green crop, is uselessly wasted 
in the way that has been described, the product is as abundant as 
could be rationally expected from the properties of the manure. It 
therefore seems, that quite as much, (if not more) depends on the 
proper use of manure, as on the quality or quantity applied ; espe¬ 
cially as we all know that a clover lay is an excellent preparation for 
wheat. If the ground be well stored with the roos of this plant, the 
crop seldom fails to be productive, even when the soil is thin, provid¬ 
ed the seed for the grain crop be sown on one ploughing. On the 
contrary, if the lay be prepared by repeated ploughings, the crop is 
seldom good, unless the soil be rich enough to supply the great loss 
sustained in consequence of exposing the enriching and fertilizing 
matter contained in the clover roots to useless waste. The fact has 
been often and well confirmed, by sowing one part of the same clover 
lay on one ploughing, and the other part after the grounds had been 
oftener ploughed. Although the cause of this marked difference 
ought to be known, it certainly has not been sufficiently considered : 
especially in the different application of clover and other grass lays, 
or a more general and far better application and cultivation of them 
would have been adopted. Gypsum, even when the soil is very thin, 
causes the clover to grow luxuriantly. The tops we know to be ve¬ 
ry nutritive, and have every reason to believe that the roots are not 
less so, as far as the food for plants may be concerned. When the 
clover has not been injured by being too frequently mown or closely 
pastured, the interior of the soil is well filled with roots, and the sur¬ 
face of the ground is as regularly covered with the tops of the plant. 
As it cannot (like the spear grasses,) live after its roots have been 
reversed by the plough, a general fermentation quickly takes place; 
and this is not checked when small grain is sown on one ploughing, 
the crop is generally as good as might be expected from this judi¬ 
cious and of course rational practice. 
Why then should we spend so much money in useless and very in¬ 
jurious labor, when it is evident, so far as the practice has been ge¬ 
nerally tried, that if we place the necessary materials properly with¬ 
in the soil, and subdue the grasses and weeds on the surface of it, by 
the very easy and effectual means that have been described, nature 
will keep the interior of the soil more open and mellow, for the growth 
of the plants than can be done by us with the plough! It should be 
also recollected, that by the use of this insirument, we cut and rend 
the roots of the plants, and by turning up the nutritive matter, ex¬ 
pose it to much useless waste.— Lorain. 
Cattle Husbandry* 
THE SHORT HORNS. 
Known as Durham, Teesivater, Holderness, Improved Short Horns, <Spc. 
As the prices at which Mr Coding's stock sold affords the best 
criterion of its value, and as the names of the animals may be consi¬ 
dered as constituting a sort of Herd Book, by which the pedigree of 
individuals may be appreciated, we give the catalogue of the sale en¬ 
tire, omitting only the names of the purchasers. The sale took place 
October 11, 1810: 
ISfames. 
Cherry 
Kate 
Peeress 
Countess 
Celina 
Johanna 
Lady 
Out of 
Old Cherry 
Cherry 
Lady 
Countess 
Johanna 
Old Phoenix 
COWS. 
Got by 
Favorite 
Comet 
Favorite 
Cupid 
Favorite 
do 
** Bulled by\r%3 
11 Comet [ 83 
4;Maydukei 35 
5 Comet 170 
9 do ,400 
5 Petrarch 200 
4 do 
A daughter of the 
dam of Phoenix 
Lady 
j Daisy 
I Old Daisy 
| Countess 
Miss Washington 
[Eliza 
A grandson ofLord , 
7, , , 14|Comet 
Bolingbroke 
130 
Catheline 
Laura 
Lily 
Daisy 
Cora 
Beauty 
Red Rose 
Flora 
Miss Peggy ; 
Magdalene j'A heifer by Wa- 
& I slnngton 
Washington 
Favorite 
Comet 
A grandson of Fa¬ 
vorite 
j Favorite 
j Marsh 
Comet 
I do 
A son of Favorite 
; Comet 
8 Comet 
4 do 
208 
! 
■130 
210 
3!Mayduke 410 
6 Comet 
4 Petrarch 
4|Comet 
4Mayduke 
do 
Comet 
do 
140 
70 
120 
45 
70 
60 
170 
Names. 
BULLS. 
Out of 
Got by 
Age. 
Gu. 
Comet 
Phoenix 
Favorite 
6 
1000 
Ya-borough 
Favorite 
9 
55 
Major 
Lady 
Comet 
3 
200 
Mayduke 
Cherry 
do 
3 
145 
Petrarch 
Old Venus 
do 
2 
335 
Northumberland 
Favorite 
2 
80 
Alfred 
Venus 
Comet 
1 
110 
Duke 
Dutchess 
do 
1 
105 
Alexander 
Cora 
do 
1 
63 
Ossian 
Magdalene 
Favorite 
1 
76 
Harold 
Red Rose 
Windson 
1 
50 
BULL CALVES— Under one year old. 
Names. 
Ketton 
Young Favorite 
Geerse 
Sir Dimple 
Narcissus 
Albion 
Cecil 
Out of 
Cherry 
Countess 
Lady 
Daisy 
Flora 
Beauty 
Peeress 
Got by 
Comet 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
do 
Gu. 
50 
140 
130 
90 
15 
60 
170 
HEIFERS. 
Names. 
Out of 
Got by 
Age. 
Gu. 
Phoebe 
Dam of Favorite 
Comet 
3 
105 
Young Dutchess 
do 
do 
2 
183 
Young Laura 
Laura 
do 
2 
101 
Young Countess 
Countess 
do 
2 
206 
Lucv 
Dam of Washington 
do 
2 
132 
Charlotte 
Catheline 
do 
1 
136 
Johanna 
Johanna 
do 
1 
35 
