THE CULTIVATOR. 
121 
but without setting down the several items which compose the cost, 
and adding them together, how is a man to tell within 5s what his 
acre of oats cost him 1 He may know that his acre cost him about 
£5 or £6, hut in this about is the very essence of the mischief. About 
£5 or £6 may mean either £5 or £6; now if the selling price were 
£5, 10s. the former supposition would give a profit, and the latter a 
loss, of £20 a year ; and t hus any man may, and multitudes do, con¬ 
tinue to the end of their lives carrying on branches of business by 
which they lose money unconsciously. The observations apply to 
manures brought on a farm. Price, carriage, labor, &c. all reckon¬ 
ed, bone dust may be 5s. an acre dearer or cheaper than stable 
duno-; but without counting up the cost of each item that forms the 
price, a man may be ignorant of this difference, and he may lose 5s. 
on an acre. It is by a few shillings gained here and saved there, 
that a farmer makes his profit. It is no exaggerated estimate to 
suppose, that these petty items may often make a difference of ten 
per cent at the year’s end, and that so, one man may make a living 
on the same farm, where another would fail. A knowledge of these 
details, therefore, is useful, and is to be acquired by a system of ac¬ 
counts. Nearly allied to, if not identical with, accounts, is a facility 
at all the common operations of arithmetic, and the storing in the 
mind of certain arithmetical results, which may serve as the basis of 
future calculations. The multiplication table is a familiar example 
ofthe vast importance of this prepared and portable knowledge. The 
commonest operations of arithmetic could scarcely be carried on 
without the intuitive readiness with which the product of any two 
ofthe numbers under twelve have been made to occur to the mind; 
but the principle is capable of an application much wider than it has 
received. The proportions existing between the numerical parts 
into which the year, the acre, the pound sterling, and the ton weight 
are divided, might be impressed on the mind, and, as it were, burnt 
in by continued repetition; as, for example, the weight of an acre of 
turnips, is a fact which it is desirable to know, and which is ascer¬ 
tained in five minutes, if we bear in mind, that, for every pound on 
the square yard, there are 2 tons, 3 cwt. 24 lbs. on the acre; and 
we should, in a similar manner, be able to tell without effort, what 
breadth of turnips would keep a sheep or a cow for a year. The 
number of inches in a square or cubic yard, and of yards in an acre ; 
the number of pounds in a ton, and the proportion existing between 
the days in the year, and the common subdivisions of our measures 
of weight, capacity, superfices and value, suggest themselves as in¬ 
stances. A number of these facts and relations being well impress¬ 
ed on the recollection of boys at school, they would come in after¬ 
life to the calculations necessary to establish knowledge, instead 
of guesses respecting the affairs of their farms, so well prepared as 
to make that occur intuitively and without labor, which men, not so 
prepared, could only come at with much labor, or perhaps not at all. 
There is scarcely anything easier than the use of logarithms, but 
we are certainly not all qualified to have invented them. 
ADVICE TO A YOUNG TRADESMAN. 
BY DR. FRANKLIN. 
Remember that time is money. He that can earn ten shillings a 
day by his labor, and goes abroad, or sits idle half of that day, though 
he spends but sixpence during his diversion or idleness, ought not 
to reckon that the only expense; he has really spent, or rather 
thrown away, five shillings besides. 
Remember that credit is money. If a man lets his money lie in 
my hands after it is due, he gives me the interest, or so much as I 
can make of it during that time. This amounts to a considerable 
sum where a man has good and large credit, and makes good use of 
it. 
Remember that money is of a prolific generating nature. Money 
can beget money, and its offspring can beget more, and so on. Five 
shillings turned is six; turned again it is seven and threepence : and 
so on till it becomes a hundred pounds. The more there is of it, the 
more it produces every turning, so that the profits rise quicker and 
quicker. He that kills a breeding sow, destroys all her offspring to 
the thousandth generation. He that murders a crown, destroys all 
that it might have produced, even scores of pounds. 
Remember that six pounds a year is but a groat a day. For this 
little sum (which may be daily wasted either in time or expense, 
unperceived) a man of credit may, on his own security, have the 
constant possession and use of a hundred pounds. So much in 
stock, briskly turned by an industrious man, produces great advan¬ 
tage. 
VOL. I. 
Remember this saying; “The good paymaster is lord of another 
man’s purse.” He that is known to pay punctually and exactly to 
the time he promises, may at any time, and on any occasion, raise 
all the money his friends can spare. This is sometimes of great 
use. After industry and frugality, nothing contributes more to the 
raising of a young man in the world, than punctuality and justice in 
all his dealings: therefore never keep borrowed money an hour be¬ 
yond the time you promised, lest a disappointment shut up your 
friend’s purse forever. 
The most trifling actions that affect a man’s credit are to be re¬ 
garded. The sound of your hammer at five in the morning, or nine 
at night, heard by a creditor, makes him easy six months longer; 
but if he sees you at a billiard table, or hears your voice at a tavern, 
when you should be at work, he sends for his money the next day ; 
demands it before he can receive it in a lump. 
It shows, besides, that you are mindful of what you owe: it makes 
you appear a careful as well as an honest man, and that still increa¬ 
ses your credit. 
Beware of thinking all your own that you possess, and of living 
accordingly. It is a mistake that many people who have credit fall 
into. To prevent this, keep an exact account, for some time, both 
of your expenses and your income. If you take the pains at first to 
mention particulars, it will have this good effect; you will discover 
how wonderfully small trifling expenses mount up to large sums, and 
will discern what might have been, and may for the future be saved, 
without occasioning any great inconvenience. 
In short, the way to wealth, if you desire it, is as plain as the way 
to market. It depends chiefly on two words, industry and frugality; 
that is, waste neither time nor money , but make the best use of both. 
Without industry and frugality nothing will do, and with them eve¬ 
rything. He that gets all he can honestly, and saves all he gets, 
(necessary expenses excepted) will certainly become rich —if He, 
who governs the world, to whom all should look for a blessing on 
their honest endeavors, doth not in his wise providence otherwise 
determine. 
THE CULTIVATOR-DEC. 1834. 
TO IMPROVE THE SOIL AND TIIE MIND. 
~ THE MANAGEMENT OF CALVES, 
Is a matter of interest with the dairy farmer. The object is to fat¬ 
ten or rear calves in a healthful condition with the least possible ex¬ 
pense to the dairy. We find in an article upon this subject, in the 
Edinburgh Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, written by Mr. Aiton, 
some remarks which are new to us, and which, we believe, will be 
useful to the dairy patrons of the Cultivator. In fattening calves for 
the butcher, the dairymen of Strathaven, whose practice Mr. A. de¬ 
scribes, consider it most profitable to feed them from four to six 
weeks, at which age they are made to bring from £3 to £4. ($ 13 
to $17.) Beyond this age they make but a bad return for their feed, 
and under it they are justly considered unfit for the market. The 
following is given as the Strathaven mode of feeding, and furnishes, 
also, the reasons for the practice. 
“ The calves are fed on milk only, with seldom any admixture; 
and they are not permitted to suck their dams, but are taught to 
drink their milk from a dish. As arguments are advanced for even 
the worst of practices, those who allow their calves to suck, say, 
that by so doing, a much greater portion of saliva is secreted, and 
carried with the milk into the stomach of the calf, where it promotes 
digestion, and accelerates the growth and fattening of the young 
animal. But although saliva is necessary to digestion, it can be 
drawn forth by placing an artificial teat in the mouth of the calf 
while feeding, and preventing the animal from drinking its milk too 
hastily, or giving it too cold. In the dairy districts of Scotland, the 
dairy-maid puts one of her fingers into the calves’ mouth when 
they are feeding, and this, or any thing similar, serves the same pur¬ 
pose as the natural teat, in promoting the necessary secretion ofthe 
saliva. A piece of clean leather, about three inches long, and fixed 
to the bottom of the dish, will, when the milk is given slowly, so 
that the saliva may be drawn from the glands of the calf, and con¬ 
veyed to the stomach with the milk, answer every purpose that 
sucking can serve, and still more saliva maybe conveyed to the sto¬ 
mach of the calves. When they are not feeding, a lump of chalk 
is often laid within their reach, by licking which they are induced 
to swallow much saliva that would otherwise drop from their mouth 
Q 
