64 
THE CULTIVATOR. 
Fig;. 1. 
tion, and because they are rendered more endearing by flic per¬ 
sonal care and labor which we bestow on their culture. 
We now proceed, agreeable to our promise in the 2d No. of the 
Cultivator, to describe the mode of propagation by budding. This 
mode has several advantages ovei grafting. It is more readily j or j) ie i nne r bark of the basswood or linden, 
performed, with fewer implements, less preparation, and with 
greater success 
The only implement ne¬ 
cessary is a budding knife, 
(kg'- L) and the only pre¬ 
paration some bass matting, 
Youth may readily acquire l tie art, by a little practice, under the are desired; then, with i lie budding-knife, make a honznuii 
directions we are about to give ; and we know a young lady who r ‘ n( h quiie through n> ihe fiim wood; from i lie middle of ih.i 
is an adept in it, and who practises it annually as a pleasant re-, mal ' e ;* slit downward, peipendieul uly, an inch or more 
1 ,, ,• *, , , nr i J r. , . , , I qmle through to the wood, i Ins done, proceed wall all cj 
creation, as well as a usoiu 1 labor. We have often been treated i off a bud; holding the cutting, or scion, in one hand, with 
. - . . . t . - - - Prof. Thouin enumerates twenty species or varieties of grafting, 
it does not injure the stock it unsuccessful, and mos t of which are only practised by amateurs and professional 
the operation may be twice or thrice repeated the same year, as gardeners. We shall describe only the common mode, which is 
the season for its performance is protracted, for some one or other j n general practice in nurseries. We take it from the Encyclo- 
ot the varieties, tor some three months. Allhough July and Au- p ec fj a ofGardenin”- 
gust constitute the ordinary season for budding, the plum arid the j, . . r , „ , 
“i.._c i i ,t i Slueld-bvddms, ur I budding, is thus performed:—lix on a smooth part 
cherry maj oi.ui ic budded m the latter part oi June, and the, 0 f ii, e sale ul the stock, raiher from ihun towards the sun, and of a height 
peach, apricot and nectarine as late as the middle of September.; depending, ns in smiting, on wlieiher dwarf, half, ur whole standard-tr* cs 
Youth may readily acquire the art, by a little practice, under the are desired, ilien, wilh the budding-knife, make a horizontal cut across the 
’■ i ' - ' ’ • ... -■■■•- .r.... — .from the middle of lli s transverse cut, 
long, going also 
cxpediiion to take 
. . , .... _, g. ......., b . ....... .th die thickest end 
with delicious peaches produced from the buds which she had in- outward, and wiih the knife in the other hand, enter it about half an inch or 
sorted. [ more below a bud, culling nearly half way into the wood of die shoot, conli- 
m, r . •, ,• • , . r . . . , nuing it with one dear slanting cut, about half an inch or more above the 
The fust consideration IS to piovide stalks, ll this provision has |>u,■ f M) deep ns to take a part ol the wood along with it, the whole about an 
not already been made. Seeds may be collected the coming sea- inch and a half long; (a fig. •_’> then directly wnh the thumb and finger, or 
son, in almost every family. Those of stone fiuit may be mixed point of the knife, clip off the woody p irt remaining to the hud; which done, 
with earth, or deposited in a hole in the garden, and in the autumn observe whether the eye or germ of the bud remain perfect; if not, and a lit- 
buried superficially in the earth, to expose them to the expanding ! le h ,' ,le appca, , s ,n '| !al p j M ' " « r, or as ca.dene.-s express u the hud 
. ^ 1 .. 4 .. X ' r' . » ; ha S los, ns mot, and another innsl be prepared. 1 Ins (Wine, placing the bark 
influence ol the liost, and in the spring* those of the peacli and part of ihe bud or shield between your lips, expeditiously wnh the flat hail of 
plum that have not burst the shell should be cracked, and the ihe knile separate the back of the stock on each side of the perpendicular cut, 
whole sown in a well prepared seed bed. The cherries may be clear to the wood, (<) f r the admission ol the bud, which uireeily slip down, 
sown immediately after they are taken from the fruit, and the ap- keiueen ihe wood and bnk, to ihe bottom of ti.e slit, (</.) I he next 
, i • „ J • . ■ *, operation ts to cut ofi the top pari of the shield (b) eve., wnh the horizontal 
pie, peat and quince eithei in autumn or sputig. All the kinds !p r ., ma ,| e C nt, in order to let u completely into its place, and to join exactly 
will generally grow' the first season. If transplanted in June, and die upper edge of the shield with the transverse cut, that the descending sap 
well treated, the peach will do to bud in September following, !j may immedi .lely enter die bark ol the shield, and protrude granulated mat- 
and the others in two and three years, if put into nursery rows,! ,er between it and the wood, sons to effect a living union. The pans are now 
ik»» f 0 »t onrl fool dlcfnot k, (l.o ,.o,.,o o„,l .. oil ! lo he immediately bound round with a ligament oi Ireslt bass. <c) previously 
three feet apart, and a loot distant in (he rows, and well taken 
care of. The same rule applies to plants as to animals : the bet¬ 
ter condition (hey are kept in while young, the more profitablej 
they will become at maturity. Tints two or three roods of ground 
will suffice a farmer for a nursery of choice fruit, from which he j 
may replenish his orchard and his garden at pleasure, and readily 
appropriate to his use every new variety which comes under his 
observation. No one will regret the trifling labor and attention 
which he has bestowed upon a little plantation of this kind, after j 
he has began to realize the fruits of it. Ornamental shrubs and 
trees, to embellish the grounds about his buildings, may be added 
without cost, and willi trifling labor. 
A bud is an organized plant in embryo, with roots, branches 
and foliage, and like a seed, possesses individual vitality, capa¬ 
ble of development and the reproduction of its species. The pro¬ 
cess of budding is the transferring this embryo plant from its pa¬ 
rent tree to another tree, which must at least be of the same genus, 
if not of the same species. The apricot and nectarine may be, 
and generally are, budded upon the peach ; the plum and the peach ' 
are budded on each other, and the pear and apple may be worked' 
on the wild crab and hawthorn—and the former is put on the quince 
to produce dwarf trees. To render the transfer or budding suc¬ 
cessful, three things are requisite : 1. That the bud he in a proper 
condition to transfer; 2, that the stalk he in condition to receive 
and nourish it; and 3, that the transfer be skilfully made. The 
hud ought to he matured, i. e. of full growth, and yet not so hard 
and firm as to cause injury in separating it from its parent. The 
stock must peel freely, as this is necessary for the insertion of the 
bud, and indicates the presence of what is termed (lie cambium, 
which is the soft partially formed woody matter which underlays 
the bark, which will ripen into indurated wood—is the source of 
nourishment to the hud, and (he bond of union between it and the 
stock. The operator must use precaution that he injures neither 
the hud, the bark nor the cambium, as these all exercise impor¬ 
tant offices in effecting the union ; and lie must withal take care 
to apply his ligatures properly. It will he seen from these remarks, 
that both the stock and the graft should he in a state of active 
growth, and the more vigorous the better, when the budding pro¬ 
cess is performed. It is also preferable to bud when the weather 
is cloudy, but not wet. Twigs for budding may be preserved for 
many days with care. They should he. immediately divested of 
their leaves, but not wholly of their lcaf-stocks or petioles, to pre¬ 
vent the exhaustion of moisture, and may then he wrapped in freslt 
giass, wet cloths, or with their butt ends preserved in moisture. 
ly bound round vvillt a ligament of Iresh bass, (i) previously 
soaked tit water, to lender it pliable ana tough, beginning a little below the 
Fig. 
I 
SI 
& 
I 
S 
/ A,"*. 11 ' 
— bit 
bottom of the perpendicu¬ 
lar slit, pr. deeding upward 
closely round every | art, 
except just round the eye 
lie bud, and continue it 
tie above ihe horizontal 
not too tight, but just 
sufficient to keep ihe whole 
close, and exclude the air, 
sun and wet. 
“ Future Treatment .— In a fortnight at farthest after budding, such as have 
adhered may he known by ilieir Iresh appearance at the eye; and in three 
weeks all those which have succeeded will will he firmly united wiih the 
stock, and ihe pails being somewhat swelled in some species, tie bandage 
must be loosened, and a week or two afterwards finally removed. 'I he shield 
and hud now swell in common vv till the oilier par.'s ol the stock, and nothing 
more requires to be done till spring, when, just before the rising ot the sap, 
they are to be headed down close to ihe bud, by an oblique cut, terminating 
about an eighth or quarter of an inch above the shield. In some cases, how¬ 
ever, as iu grafting, a lew inches ■ f li e stalk is left fir the first season, and 
the young shoot lied to it lor protcciion front the winds.” 
CALCAREOUS MANURES. 
We have been reading with much interest, and we believe pro¬ 
fit, “ Ruffin’s Essay on Calcareous Manures,” a copy of the se¬ 
cond edition of which has been politely forwarded to us by the 
author. It is a pamphlet of 116 closely printed 8vo. pages—is 
sold by J. W. Campbell, Petersburgh, and Cideon B. Smith, Bal¬ 
timore, booksellers, at 75 cents the copy, and by the author, at 
Shellbanks, Va. at a reduced price by the quantity. 
Mr. Ruffin is a gentleman of chemical knowledge, a piactical 
farmer, and editor of the Farmers’ Register, a work replete with 
valuable information in rural affairs. He seems to be peculiarly 
fitted, by location, talents and persevering investigation, for the 
work he has furnished us ; and we think he has succeeded in 
pointing out the defects which exist in a portion of our soils, and 
in suggesting the sure means of correcting them. We do not he¬ 
sitate to say, that the pamphlet will prove a valuable acquisition 
to any farmer, who lias a spark of ambition lo belter his practice, 
and we hope the author will meet the ample reward, in the sale of 
the work, which lie justly merits, for his patient labors to improve 
the condition of our husbandry. 
The work is divided into three parts, viz. 1, Theory; 2, Prac¬ 
tice, and 3, Appendix. The second part details the author’s ex¬ 
periments with calcareous manures upon his farm, and the results, 
for nearly twenty years. These go to sustain, we think pretty 
