THE CULTIVATOR. 
101 
p w, marled at 450 bushels, brought not so good a crop as the adjoin¬ 
ing r p at 800. 
The distance was 5£ by 3.j feet. Two of the quarter acres were mea¬ 
sured by a surveyor’s chain, (as were four other of the experiments ol 
3824, and found to vary so little from the distance counted by corn-rows 
that the difference was not worth notice. 
1825_In wheat; the different marked pieces seemed to yield in com¬ 
parison to each other, proportions not perceptibly different from those ol 
the preceding crop—but the best not equal to any of the land marled be¬ 
fore 1822, as stated in the 1st, 2d, and 3d experiments. 
1827. —Wheat on a very rough and imperfect summer fallow. This was 
too exhausting a course, (being three grain crops in the four shift rota¬ 
tion,) but was considered necessary to check the growth of bushes thal 
sprung from the roots still living. The crop was small, as might have 
been expected from its preparation. 
1828. — Corn—in rows five feet apart, and about three feet of distance 
along the rows, the seed being dropped by the step. Owing to unfavora¬ 
ble wheather, and to insects and other vermin, not half of the first plant¬ 
ing of this field lived—and so much replanting of coursed caused its pro¬ 
duct to be much less matured than usual, on the weaker land. All the 
part not mailed, (and more particularly that manured,) was so covered by 
sorrel, as to require ten times as much labor in weeding as the marled 
parts, which as in every other case, bore no sorrel October I5th, 
gathered and measured the corn from the following spaces, which were 
laid off' (by the chain) as nearly as could be, on the same land as in 1824. 
The products so obtained, together with those of the previous and sub¬ 
sequent courses of tillage, will be presented below, in a tabular form, 
for the purpose of being more easily compared. 
On the wheat succeeding this ciop, clover seed was sowed, but very 
thinly and iriegularly. On the parts not marled, only a few yards width 
received seed, which the next year show'ed the expected result of scarcely 
any living clover. On the marled portions, the grow th of clover w’as of 
middling quality; was not mowed nor grazed, but seed gathered by hand 
both in 1830 and 1831. 
1S32.—Again in corn. It was soon evident that much injury was caused 
to the marled half, q p on, by the two great quanti y applied. A con¬ 
siderable portion of the stalks, during their growth, show ed strongly the 
marks of disease from that cause, and some were rendered entirely bar¬ 
ren. A few stalks only had appeared hurt by the quantity of marl in 1828. 
On the lightly marled piece, to p, and where the heaviest marling was 
accompanied by stable manure, there has appeared no sign of injury. The 
products were as follows;_ 
Products of drain per acre. 
| has given more durability to the effect, than is to be expected from a more 
judicious and economical rate of manuring. 
For these several reasons, it is evident that far more satisfactory results 
than even these, would have been obtained if only half as much of either 
marl or manure had been applied. 
There are other circumstances to be considered, which if not attended 
lo, will cause the comparative increase or decrease of product in this ex¬ 
periment to be misunderstood. It is well known that poor land put under 
tillage immediately after being cleared, as this was in 1824, will not yield 
near as much as on the next succeeding course of crops. This increase, 
which depends merely on the effects of time, operates independently of all 
other means for improvement that the land may possess; and its rate in this 
experiment may be fairly estimated by the increase on the piece s q from 
1824 to 1S28. The increase here, where time only acted, was from 12 
to 214 bushels: but as the corn gathered here was always much the most 
imperfectly ripened, and would therefore lose the most by shrinking, I 
will suppose eight bushels to be the rate of increase from time, and that 
so much of the product of all the pieces should be attributed to that cause. 
Then to estimate alone the increased or diminished effects of marl, or 
manure on the other pieces, eight bushels should be deducted from all the 
different applications, the estimate will stand thus. 
U* 
<2 
6 
_ 
1824. 
1828. 
Deduct 
time 
a 
<v 
o 
a 
C3 
03 
O 
0) 
Q 
B. P. 
B. P. 
B. 
B. P I’. P. 
qr 1 
19 34 
23 1.1 
8 
0 2 
From 800 bushels of marl. 
rp2-2> 2 ) 2 , ,, 
rp 3 27 W 4 
31 
8 
i n 
From 300 bushels of marl. 
st a 
22 2 
25 
8 
5 2 
From 1000 bushels cow-pen manure. 
s t fi 35 2 
29 
8 
It 2 
From 1000 bushels of stable manure. 
Even the piece covered with both marl and stable manure, (w t.) show's 
according to this estimate, a diminished effect equal to 10J bushels w Inch 
was owing to the marl not being able to combine with, and fix so great a 
quantity of manure, in addition to the vegetable matter left by its natural 
grow th of wood. The piece w p marled at 450 bushels alone, has shown 
a steady increase of product at each return of tillage, and thereby has 
given evidence of its being the only improvement made in such manner 
as both judgment and economy would have directed. 
From the Genesee Farmer. 
Mark. 
DESCRIPTION. 
1st course. 
1824. 
Oct. 11. 
2d course. 
1823. 
Oct. 15. 
3d course. 
1832. 
Oct. 26. 
Bush.Peck 
12 
Bush.Peck 
21 1 
Bush. Peck 
17 3) 
28 
27 3 
19 3h 
22 2 ) 
28 1;| 
27 ( 
31 i)i 
st 5 Cow-pen manure, 900 lo 1100 bushels, 
st 6 Stable manure, 900 to 1100 bushels,. 
wt 7 Marl and stable manure, both as above 
wp JMarled at 450 bushels,.. ^ 
22 2 
35 2 
36 
Less than r 
p (800) 
25 2 
29 
33 2 
Equal lo ) 
r p. ( 
bet than sq 
23 1 
37 3h 
31 3 
An accidental omission prevented the measurement of. « t 5. in 1832. 
This experiment has been made with much trouble, and every cure be¬ 
stowed to ensure accuracy. Still several causes have operated to affect 
the correctness of the results, and to prevent the comparative products 
show ing the true rate of improvement either from marl, or the putrescent 
manure. These causes will be briefly stated. 
Is . The quantity of marl (800 bushels,) on q r and rp is nearly double 
the amount that ought to have been used: and this error has not only in¬ 
creased the expense uselessly, but has served to prevent the increase of 
product that would otherwise have taken place. This loss is proved by 
the giadual increase, and at last the greater product of w p marled at only 
450 bushels. 
2d. The comparative superiority of all the marled ground to s q not 
mailed, is lessened by this circumstance: most of the large logs as well as 
all the small branches, were burnt upon the land, when it was cleared in 
1824, before the experiment was commenced: and the ashes have durably 
improved a spot where each of these large fires were made on s q, but 
have done no good, and perhaps have been injurious, to the marled pie¬ 
ces that were made sufficiently calcareous without the addition of ashes. 
At least, the good efJL-ct of ashes is very evident on s q, and has helped 
somewhat to increase all its measured products, and no such benefit has 
been visable on the marled parts. 
3d. The quantity of putrescent manure applied to $ t, (900 to 1100 
bushels,) was much too great, both for experiment and profit: and the 
quantity, together with the imperfectly rotted state of the stable manure, 
DISEASES AND ENEMIES OF FRUIT TREES. 
The fact that many valuable fruit trees, and sometimes even whole or¬ 
chards, are destroyed by diseases and insects, shows the importance of at¬ 
tention to the subject. A concise account therefore, of the various disea¬ 
ses and enemies to which fiuit trees are liable, and the most efficient re¬ 
medies which have yet been made known, may prove acceptable to 
young or inexperienced cultivators of fruit ; especially as this information 
is now scattered through a great number of horticultural works, which 
perhaps are accessable to a few only. We therefore propose, to give brief 
descriptions of the most formidable and common of these evils, and their 
respective remedies, 
Appi.e— The hardiness and vigor of this tree is such, and its enemies 
comparitively so few in the western part of New-York, that little difficul¬ 
ty has been yet experienced in its successful cultivation. It has occasion¬ 
ally how'ever, its evils to contend with. Among the most common are 1. 
Canker. 2. The Borer. 3. The Caterpiller. 4. The American Blight. 
1. Canker is a disease ascribed to various causes. Some attribute it 
to the poorness or wetness of the soil ; others to the trees being exposed 
in a bleak situation to frosts and cold winds ; but the most ptohable cause 
is external injuries sustained by applying ladders in gathering the fruit, 
leaving dead branches remaining on the tree, and by injudicious pruning. 
Where trees thus receive large wounds, decay frequently commences in 
those parts, and gradually extends until the tree dies. Wherever there¬ 
fore wounds have been made, whether by pruning or otherwise, they 
should be protected from the air and moisture by a thick coat of paint or a 
mixture of tar and brick dust.* Where canker has actually commenced, 
either in apple or other fruit trees, the only remedy is to cut away, (with 
a drawing knife or other suitable instrument,) all the affected parts, pro¬ 
tecting the freshly cut surface with a coating of paint, wax, or other simi¬ 
lar substance. Canker is sometime caused by pruning in the spring while 
the sap is in rapid circulation, as it then oozes out upon the wound, caus¬ 
ing it to lurn black and producing decay in the branch. 
2. The Borer is an insect which perforates the wood at or a little below 
the suiface of the earth. They may be taken out by means of a slender 
* There is nothing equal to a cataplasm of fresh cow-dung. Plaster it upon 
the wound while fresh, and cover it with a coarse cloth or swingling tow. and 
tie, loosely. It not only protects from the air and moisture, but posses-es re¬ 
markable healing qualities, whether applied to the wounds of animals or ve¬ 
getables.— Cultivator. 
