20 LOGGING 
The lumber cut in 1919 was 170,013,000 feet. 
Elm. — There are three ehns commercially important in the 
United States, the rock elm (Ulmus racemosa), slippery or red 
elm {U. pubescens) and the white elm {U. americana) , all of 
which grow in the rich bottom lands along streams. Over one- 
half of the output is from the States of Wisconsin, Michigan and 
Indiana. Elm wood is used for hubs, bicycle rims, slack cooper- 
age, coiled hoops, basket splints and other purposes where an 
elastic wood is essential. 
The cut in 1920 was 225,000,000 feet. 
Ash. — There are several species of ash in the United States, 
but about 60 per cent of the lumber cut is white ash (Fraxinus 
americana), and 30 per cent black ash (F. nigra). The greater 
part of the lumber output is manufactured in the states bordering 
on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. More than one-half of the 
output is produced in Arkansas, Louisiana, Wisconsin, Indiana 
and Tennessee. 
It is especially adapted for poles and shafts of wagons and 
carriages, sporting goods, agricultural implements, hoops and 
staves for pork barrels, packages and tool handles. 
In the lower Mississippi bottoms the stand ranges from 
2000 to 5000 board feet per acre. 
The lumber cut in 1919 was 154,931,000 feet. 
Cottonwood. — Several species {Populus sp.) are found in 
abundance and of large size in the bottom lands of the Mis- 
sissippi River. The greater part of the annual production comes 
from the States of Arkansas, Minnesota and Mississippi. It is 
in demand for boxes, wood pulp, lining for refrigerator cars, 
excelsior, woodenware and cheap furniture. 
The cut in 1919 was 143,730,000 board feet which is the lowest 
reported output. 
Other Hardivoods. — There are many other hardwoods placed 
on the market ariiong them tupelo or bay poplar {Nyssa aquat- 
ica), which is manufactured into flooring, interior finish, plank- 
ing, and box boards in Louisiana and other Southern States; 
the cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata) sold largely as yellow 
poplar; the buckeye (^Fscuhis glabra) manufactured into pulp, 
interior finish and woodenware; sycamore (Platanus occiden- 
talis) used for furniture and plug tobacco boxes; black walnut 
(Juglans nigra) ; cherry (Prunus serotina^ • and other valuable 
