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CHAPTER II 
LOGGING METHODS 
The logging industry comprises both the preparation of the wood 
products of the forest for the manufacturing plant and their 
transportation to it or to market. The products of the log- 
ging industry are saw logs, pulpwood, acid-wood, stave and shingle 
bolts which are re-manufactured after they are removed from the 
forest, and hewed crossties, rived shingles, shakes, poles, posts, 
and piling which are marketed by the logger ready for use. 
The work of preparing a given class of products for removal 
from the forest is similar in all regions, although there may be 
some minor differences in technique which have come into local 
use. The form in which the raw material is taken from the 
forest depends not only on the purpose for which it is ultimately 
to be used, but also upon the size of the bole and the method of 
transportation. Thus an adequate number of logs must be 
at least long enough to make the maximum board lengths desired, 
but if the form of transportation permits, the logs may be double 
or triple the iDoard lengths or the entire merchantable bole may 
be moved in one piece. Saw log and pulpwood operators often 
do not remove other forest products but confine their operations 
to one class of material. The various by-products, therefore, 
may be removed by others. 
The early logging operations were carried on near settlements 
on areas where the topographic conditions were most favorable 
for easy logging and from which the haul to the mill was compar- 
atively short. The work was done largely by settlers who cut 
a limited number of logs during the late fall and winter, when agri- 
cultural activities were slack, and hauled the timber to the mill or 
to some stream down which the logs could be floated to destination. 
The equipment required was limited and required but little 
financial outlay. Logging became a distinct industry to which 
individuals devoted a large part or all of their time, only when 
lumber manufacture assumed a national character. 
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