LOGGING METHODS 27 
about 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, and lias a flat bottom made of 
heavy planks which are upturned in front. A l)unk is placed 
about 4 feet from the front and on this the fore end of the log 
is loaded and bound with chains, while the rear drags on the 
ground. The horses are hitched to a chain which passes through 
the upturned nose and is attached to the Inmk. A tongue is 
not used. The scoot is a sled having two runners about 12 feet 
long, with a 4-foot gauge, a forward and rear bunk, and a standard 
length tongue. It is especially serviceable for short logs which 
are loaded on the sled. Wagons are not used to transport logs 
to the mill unless the haul is greater than |-mile. 
The usual log requirements of a portable mill are from 5000 to 
7000 board feet daily and on short hauls two teams can bring 
in this amount. The average day's work on an |-mile haul is 
about 3500 board feet per team. 
COLORADO 
The portable mill operations in this state are taken as a type 
of small operations on the National Forests. The mills are 
often several miles from a village at rather high elevations in 
the forests where the topography is rugged and the snow is 
deep during the winter season. 
The stand is chiefly small-sized timber, with logs averaging 
from 10 to 12 inches in diameter at the small end, and from 
three to four and one-half 16-foot logs per tree, when cut to a top 
diameter of 6 inches. 
The closeness of utilization depends largely on the local mar- 
kets, and the purpose for which the timber is used. When 
waney-edge boards can be used for packing cases and other 
rough work there is very little waste, but when the demand is 
for lumber only, the mill waste is large. 
The logging season depends upon the climatic conditions and 
the character of bottom. Felling and skidding usually begin some- 
time between the middle of June and the first of August and 
continue until the first or the middle of January when snow 
becomes too deep for profitable work. Hauling on some opera- 
tions begins at the time of felling, the log's being handled on 
wagons, carts or go-devils up to the time snow falls, and after 
that sleds are used until the end of March or the middle of April. 
On other operations logs are hauled only in winter. 
