28 LOGGING 
Camps are of log or board construction and comprise a cook 
shanty, a bunk house, and a stable. Labor is chiefly local. 
Felling and Log-7naking. — The methods employed are similar 
to those in other regions, the ax being used to notch the timber 
and the saw for felling. The work is done both by day labor 
and by contract. Efficient crews of two men cut about 5000 
board feet daily. When the fallers work singly at felling and 
bucking each may average from 2000 to 2500 board feet daily. 
Swamping is usually done by a member of the skidding crew, 
one man being assigned to each team. The cost of brush disposal 
on small operations depends chiefly on the species, the depth of 
snow, the amount of dead material and young growth, the 
steepness of the slopes and the character of the bottom. Tim- 
ber with many limbs such as Engelmann spruce and lodgepole pine 
necessitate more cutting and handling than most other species, hence 
brush disposal is more expensive. Snow from 18 to 24 inches 
deep makes brush disposal difficult, and seriously hampers the 
work. Where dead material occurs among young growth the 
piles must be made where reproduction will not be injured dur- 
ing brush burning and where down timber will not be ignited. 
Men are hampered in getting around on steep slopes and rough 
ground and brush disposal is more costly under these conditions. 
The swamping and piling during the summer and fall is sometimes 
done by the fallers. 
Skidding. — The movement of the logs from the stump to the 
mill is performed either in one or two operations. On good 
bottom and short hauls the logs are either skidded directly to the 
mill or else hauled on sleds or carts over inexpensive roads. 
About 500 board feet constitute a load under the latter con- 
dition. The choice of methods depends on the season of the 
year. In rough sections and for distances greater than j-mile 
the logs usually are yarded to skidways and then hauled on 
wagons or sleds to the mill. On rough and steep places a single 
horse is used for skidding, while on favorable bottoms two horses 
are employed. 
B. NORTHEAST 
Period of Logging. — Operations are usually confined to a 
period of from twenty-six to thirty-two weeks, beginning in the 
late summer and closing during the early spring. Where rail- 
road transport is used summer logging is practiced. 
