30 LOGGING 
New York. Yarding, on operations where a sled haul is used, 
begins in the late summer or early fall and continues until the 
snow gets too deep for profitable felling, which is usually during 
the latter part of December. Logs are decked on skidways along 
two-sled roads and are either dragged to the yard by a single 
animal or a team, or else hauled on a yarding sled. A skidding 
and a felling crew of seven men can cut and skid from 5000 to 
7000 board feet 'daily on a ^-mile haul when a team and yarding 
sled are employed for moving the timber. 
Chutes and log slides are occasionally installed to bring logs 
down steep slopes. 
Transportation. — Logs are transported from the skidways to 
a landing on a stream on a two-sled drawn by two or four horses, 
or on a yarding sled when the haul does not exceed 1^ miles. 
Steam or gasoline log haulers are frequently substituted for ani- 
mal draft on long hauls. The logs are floated out of the small 
streams during the early spring freshets and are driven down the 
large streams during the summer. 
Railroad operations are not common but where rail transport 
is used logs are yarded and hauled on sleds to the railroad during 
the winter months, and yarded directly to the railroad during 
the summer. 
Flumes have been used in a few instances for bringing pulp- 
wood from the forest to a stream down which it is driven. 
The common form of transporting logs to the mill is by float- 
ing. Rafting is practiced only after the logs are assorted on the 
lower stretches of the stream. Drives are conducted largely by 
incorporated companies. 
C. LAKE STATES — WHITE PINE 
Period of Logging. — Railroad operations are conducted 
throughout the year unless suspended on account of snow. When 
logs are transported on sleds to streams down which they are 
driven, the season is from thirty to thirty-six weeks long, be- 
ginning in the late summer and ending with the termination of 
hauling. 
Labor. - - The laborers are chiefly Swedes, Norwegians, Finns, 
Austrians and Poles. Foremen are often native-born Americans. 
The wage basis of payment is common. 
Camps. — On railroad operations camps often are board 
