32 LOGGING 
due to snowfall. The use of two-sleds for hauling logs to a stream 
down which they are floated is less common than formerly, 
because of the high value of the white pine stumpage and the 
large amounts of hea\y hardwoods which are now being logged. 
Steam and gasoline log haulers are common in the Lake States 
on sled hauls, sometimes bringing the logs directly to the mill. 
D. SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE 
Period of Logging. — The year round. 
Labor. — White and colored. The former provide the more 
skilled labor and the latter the unskilled, although colored laborers 
occasionally occupy positions of responsibility. On some opera- 
tions in the northern part of the region, whites are employed 
exclusively. 
Camps. — They are chiefly portable houses in which the loggers 
and their families reside. A general store, church, Y. M. C. A., 
and school house are often provided. Car camps may be used 
when families are not furnished accommodations. 
Topography and Bottom. — In the southern part of the region 
the country is flat or rolling, while on the northern edge it is 
usually broken. The bottom in the longleaf forests is generally 
free from brush, while in the loblolly and shortleaf forests there 
is often a heavy undergrowth. 
Climate. — A period of hea\'y rainfall occurs during the winter 
months which often causes the cessation of logging operations 
due to bad bottom. Snowball is very scanty or lacking. Freez- 
ing temperatures occur in the northern part of the region for short 
periods. 
Felling and Log-mnkin^. — This is customarily done by a 
two-man crew who use the saw and ax. The daily output is 
from 7500 to 15,000 board feet, depending on the size of the 
timber and the stand per acre. Contract work prevails. Where 
animal skidding is used logs are cut in standard lengths, while 
W'here power skidding is employed they are cut in lengths rang- 
ing from 24 to 48 feet. Sometimes the entire bole is brought to 
the mill and there cut into logs. 
Skidding. — Animal logging is still used throughout the region, 
although the power snaking system is common in the flat pineries, 
and the rehaul system in brushy sections. Occasionally a cable- 
