34 LOGGING 
They are then rafted and towed to the mill. The daily output 
is from fifty to seventy-five logs. 
(2) Cableway Skidding and Rail Transport. — A cableway 
skidder is placed by the side of a spur or main line track and 
logs are yarded to the railroad from distances of 600 or 800 feet. 
They are then loaded upon cars and transported to the mill. 
The daily output is from 30,000 to 40,000 board feet per skidder. 
Transport. — Floating and railroading are the two methods 
used. 
(1) Floating. — The logs are made into cigar-shaped units 
about 125 feet long and several of them are joined together into 
a raft and towed to a mill. 
(2) Railroad. — Main lines in the swamps are usually built 
on piling. Spur roads, which are located approximately ^-mile 
apart are ''dunnage" roads. Light-weight engines and skeleton 
cars are employed. Logs are loaded on cars by a special device 
on the skidder. 
r. NORTHWEST 
Period of Logging. — The year round. 
Labor. — Logging is highly specialized and requires a relative^ 
large number of skilled men among whom are found natives, 
Swedes, Norwegians and other foreigners. Unskilled labor is 
foreign and consists of the nationalities mentioned and also 
men from southern Europe. 
Camps. — Either car camps, board camps, or portable houses 
are used to shelter the men. Families seldom reside in camp. 
Laborers are housed and boarded by the logger. 
Topography and Bottom. — The region ranges from rolling to 
rugged and in many sections difficult logging problems are en- 
countered. Underbrush is heavy in the coast forests where 
rainfall is abundant. 
Felling and Log-making. — Felling and log-making are done by 
separate crews. Fallers who work in crews of two may or may 
not do the notching. Two log buckers who work alone are 
required for each crew of fallers. Logs are cut in lengths of 
26 feet or longer. 
Yarding. — Power logging is now almost universal, the slack- 
rope system being the predominant form although many cable- 
way skidders are in operation for handling small- and medium- 
