LOGGING METHODS 35 
sized timber and for "swinging" logs from the yarding engines 
to the railroad. 
Animal logging is found only on small operations where the 
"chance" is favorable and the output limited. 
Transport. (1) Road Engine. — A road engine sometimes 
takes logs from the yarding engine to a stream or railroad. This 
practice is loss common than formerly. 
(2) Railroad. — The yarding engines are placed at points 
accessible to the logging railroad. Intermediate transportation 
such as swing donkcj^s or road engines, however, may be installed 
between the yarding engine and the railroad. Logs are loaded 
on flat or skeleton cars or log trucks and hauled to the mill, to 
a driveable stream, or to tide-water. When yarding engines 
are used cars are loaded with a gin-pole, or some overhead loading 
system, and when the cableway skidder is used the logs are 
loaded with a guy line or swinging-boom device provided for that 
purpose. Cars are unloaded by hand methods, log dumps, 
or other special unloading devices. 
(3) Rafting. — Logs brought to tide-water are rafted and towed 
to the mill. 
(4) Flumes. — These are frequently used for bringing logs 
from the forest to the railroad or some stream. 
(5) Chutes. — Chutes and slides are used in some sections 
for bringing logs down steep slopes and for handling logs on bot- 
toms that cut up badly in dry weather. Three-pole and five- 
pole chutes are in most common use. 
(6) Aerial Tramways. — These are used to bring logs from 
high elevations to lower ones, especially on very rough ground. 
(7) Motor Trucks. — The timber from small or isolated tracts 
is often hauled to the sawmill on heavy motor trucks. 
G. MOUNTAIN LOGGING IN WEST VIRGINIA^ 
Period of Logging. — The year round. 
Labor. — The foremen are usually Americans, and the remain- 
ing laborers are chiefly foreigners, such as Italians, Austrians, 
Poles, and Hungarians with a small percentage of other na- 
tionalities. 
Camps. — The camps are chiefly board structures built along 
^ See Cost of Mountain Logging in West Virginia, by Henry H. Farquhar. 
Forestry Quarterly, Vol. VII, pp. 255-269. 
