16 LOGGING 
Engelmann spruce grows at high altitudes often in pure forests. 
It is frquently associated with alpine fir, western larch, lodgepole 
pine and western yellow pine. 
The timber is sawed into lumber and dimension stock for 
local construction purposes. 
On moist flats and along streams Engelmann spruce and lodge- 
pole pine form stands containing from 40,000 to 50,000 board feet. 
On the Pike National Forest the maximum stands are 35,000 feet 
and the average stands 5000 feet. In the Sopris National Forest 
in Colorado, the stands of Engelmann spruce and associated 
species range from 4000 to 20,000 feet per acre from 35 to 
75 per cent being Engelmann spruce. 
Sitka spruce is the chief commercial species of Alaska and is 
also found in large quantities in Washington and Oregon. It 
is seldom found in pure stands, except on areas of from 1 to 3 
acres on which the stand ranges from 10,000 to 90,000 board 
feet per acre. Individual trees have been reported which contain 
25,000 feet. On the lower elevations which is the only place it 
grows to commercial size it is usually associated with western 
hemlock, western red cedar and yellow cypress. 
The product from the West Coast forest is used for finish, 
siding, factory stock, box boards and laths. It is also highly 
prized for airplane construction. In Alaska it is used chiefly 
for box shooks for the salmon industry and for building material. 
The lumber cut of the western spruces in 1919 was approximately 
445,283,000 feet, the greater part of which came from Washing- 
ton and Oregon. 
Other Conifers. — Among the conifers cut in small quantities 
are the eastern larch (Larix americana) now often sold with 
Norway and white pine, and also made into crossties, posts and 
poles; the western larch (L. occidentalis) manufactured into 
dimension lumber, ties and posts; eastern red cedar {Juniperus 
virginiana) used chiefly for pencil wood, posts and poles; and a 
number of pines found in the western part of the country which 
are of local importance only. 
HARDWOODS 
The hardwood forests extend south from northern New York 
through the Appalachian Mountains and from central Wis- 
consin and Michigan through the valleys of the Mississippi and 
