10 LOGGING 
The cut of eastern white pine is decreasing each year, the 
records for 1920 showing a total of 1,500,000,000 board feet. 
Western white pine (Pinus monticola) grows in Idaho, Mon- 
tana and Washington and is now being substituted in the mar- 
kets for eastern white pine. This timber is sold largely outside 
of the home territory, because Douglas fir and other woods can 
undersell it in the local markets. 
The tree rarely occurs in pure stands, but is associated with 
western larch {Larix occidentalis) , western red cedar {Thuja 
plicata) and other firs {Abies sp.). It reaches its best develop- 
ment in Idaho, where in mixed stands of the above species rang- 
ing from 25,000 to 70,000 board feet per acre it comprises from 60 
to 70 per cent of the total. An occasional acre contains 130,000 
board feet. A single tree has yielded 29,800 board feet of lumber. 
The lumber cut in 1919 was 297,421,000 board feet. 
Hemlock. — There are two species now on the market known 
as eastern hemlock {Tsuga canadensis), and western hemlock 
{T. heterophylla) . 
It is only within the last thirty years that eastern hemlock 
has been regarded as of much value except for its bark, and even 
to-day the latter often commands as high a price as the 
timber. 
Hemlock grows both in pure forests and associated with other 
conifers. In Pennsylvania pure stands run as high as 15,000 
board feet per acre. The average in northern Michigan is 9000 
feet. In West Virginia, where hemlock occurs in a mixed forest, 
the average is from 2000 to 3000 feet per acre. The heaviest 
stands in the Appalachians range between 25,000 and 40,000 
feet per acre. 
The lumber cut in 1919 was 1,415,238,000 board feet. 
The western hemlock grows in the Pacific Coast forests, asso- 
ciated chiefly with Douglas fir and western red cedar. The lumber 
is superior to that of eastern hemlock. The bark is richer in tannin 
but it is not used extensively, because there are not many tanning 
establishments in the region and extract plants have not been de- 
veloped because high freight rates to eastern points limit the 
available market. The timber is used for general construction 
purposes and, to a limited extent in Oregon, for the manufacture 
of paper pulp. 
The yield per acre ranges from 7000 to 30,000 board feet. 
