FOREST LAB(JR 53 
tation and unloading, and maintenance of transportation. ^ For 
the items mentioned there was a variation among different opera- 
tions ranging from 5.9 one-man hours on a white pine operation 
to 25.24 hours on a hardwood operation. The distribution of 
total time by processes, on individual operations, showed minor 
differences only. In other words, the amount of total time re- 
quired from tree to pond may vary within wide limits in various 
operations, and in the different regions, yet each process requires 
about the same proportion of the total time expended. 
On eleven operations, an average of 68 per cent of the total time 
was devoted to the movement of the logs from stump to pond, 
including skidding, yarding, loading, unloading, and maintenance 
of transportation. Mixed hardwoods showed the lowest per- 
centage, namely 58.8, of time devoted to this work, while for 
mixed pine and hardwoods the percentage was the highest, 
namely 81.9. Felling and log-making operations were lowest in 
Douglas fir, 18 per cent, highest in redwood, 42.2 per cent, with 
an average for the eleven operations of 28.49 per cent. Supervision 
ranged from 1.8 per cent in shortleaf pine to 5.1 per cent in 
mixed pine and hardwoods, with an average for all of 3.05. 
The data for operations in various regions, weighted on the basis 
of the log scale production, is shown in Table V. 
Since the exact conditions under which the data were secured 
are not stated, the figures in the table may be taken as suggestive 
only, but they are of value as indicating in a relative way the 
varying conditions in the several regions and the proportion of 
the time usually devoted to each process. 
The marked differences in the time required are due to various 
factors, outside of the efficiency of the labor employed, among 
which are the size, character, and stand of timber, and the topog- 
raphy, all of which vary widely with the species shown in the 
table. 
UNIONS^ 
The chief center of organized labor in the logging industry is 
1 See Wages and Hours of Labor in the Lumber, Millwork, and Furniture 
Industries, 1915. U. S. Dept. of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bui. No. 
225, 1918. 
2 See Lumber: Its Manufacture and Distribution, by Ralph C. Bryant. 
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, for a more comprehensive discussion of 
labor unions in the lumber industry. 
