CAMPS 61 
tant factor, although secondary to proper location with reference 
to the timber and main haul. 
The requirements for a camp site for a railroad operation are 
as follows: 
(1) A well-drained site, with no swamps or other mosquito- 
breeding spots in the vicinity, because railroad camps are operated 
during the warm season when there is the greatest danger from 
malaria. 
(2) Location with reference to a natural supply of pure water 
is secondary to good drainage, since drinking water is either 
hauled to the camp in tank cars, or can be obtained by driving 
wells at the camp site. It is desirable, however, to have a running 
stream in the vicinity from which water for the stock and for 
laundry purposes may be secured. 
(3) Accessibility to the operation is essential, unless the men 
can be transported to and from their labor. In the southern 
pineries, a large percentage of the workmen on logging operations 
are married, and there is an increasing tendency to establish more 
or less permanent camps, in order that more conveniences may 
be provided for the loggers' families. The woods crews are then 
hauled to and from work by train. 
(4) A sufficient area of level ground to permit the construc- 
tion of the spur tracks required for moving the houses, set-out 
switches for log cars, and a railroad "Y." 
Floating camps are placed in bayous and canals in proximity 
to the operation. Pure drinking water cannot be secured from 
these streams and provision must be made for a boiled or distilled 
supply. Camp location under such circumstances is governed 
almost wholly by accessibility. 
TYPES OF CAMPS 
Log Camps. — Typical buildings are usually one-storied and are 
constructed crib-fashion of logs, preferably of conifers with the 
slightest taper obtainable. These are notched at the corners 
to hold them together and to reduce the chink space, which is 
filled with moss and clay, or mortar. The floors in the living 
rooms are made of hewed timbers or rough lumber, and the roofs 
are covered with "shakes" or prepared roofing. The doors are 
made from rough boards, and a few windows furnish light and aid 
