76 LOGGING 
a covered cesspool located at a safe distance from the water sup- 
ply. In case open ditches are used, quicklime should be liberally 
applied at frequent intervals; otherwise the organic matter will 
decompose and furnish a breeding place for flies. 
The use of fly-proof latrines by men in camp should be obliga- 
tory, since typhoid in camp is due chiefly to the infection of food 
by flies and rarely to polluted water. About 3 per cent of those 
who have had typhoid fever are ''carriers," and to the unsuspected 
presence of such men in camps, most of the typhoid epidemics 
may be traced. A daily application of 5 pounds of quicklime 
to the latrine pit will keep it in a sanitary condition. 
(3) Fly-proof sleeping, kitchen, and eating quarters and la- 
trines. Food infection cannot be prevented unless care is taken 
to carefully screen not only the living and eating quarters but 
also the chief sources of infection. Such protection is easy to 
secure and should be obligatory in every industrial camp. 
(4) Adequate air space and ventilation. The air-space re- 
quirements of various states for industrial camps is not uniform, 
but the best standards require not less than 500 cubic feet of air 
space per man, combined with adequate ventilation.^ 
(5) Adequate bathing facilities. Many camps are not provided 
with shower baths or other bathing facilities for the workmen, 
although they are quite common in the camps of the Pacific 
Northwest. Bathing facilities have proved an important factor 
in reducing wovmd infection and, therefore, are very desirable. 
Compulsory camp laundry service is also an aid to the prevention 
of wound infection. Experience has shown that woods workers 
in most sections of the country appreciate such facilities and use 
them freely. The problem of providing bathing facilities in 
northern camps is more difficult than in the South and West, 
because of temperature conditions, and they are seldom furnished. 
(6) Cleanliness in the kitchen and dining room. The degree 
of cleanliness found in camp kitchens and dining rooms is ex- 
tremely variable unless properly supervised by the management 
^ The Camp Sanitation Rules formulated in 1914 by the Wisconsin State 
Board of Health call for 225 cubic feet of air space per man; the standard for 
the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen is 500 cubic feet per man; the 
Province of Ontario, Canada 400 cubic feet per man. Wisconsin requires a 
ventilation duct in the roof equivalent to 4 square feet per 500 square feet 
of floor space or fraction thereof. The 4 L's specify 14 square feet of window 
space per man, a small window for each bunk being preferable to larger ones. 
