110 LOGGING 
log lengths more rapidly and economically with a power machine 
than can the bucker in the woods, and special orders for unusual 
lengths can filled without loss of time. 
Logs to be rafted down large streams should be cut into long 
lengths, because the raft can be built stronger and cheaper. 
The transportation of long logs out of the forest is destructive 
to young growth because their length requires considerable 
swamping for animal transportation, and when a ground system 
of power skidding is used a large amount of young growth is 
broken or bruised before the log reaches the run down which it 
passes to the machine. 
The ''board" mills in the yellow pine region cut logs into 
standard lengths a large percentage being 12, 14 and 16 feet. 
The "timber" mills cut longer logs to meet their special re- 
quirements. 
Cypress operators who railroad their timber to the mill cut 
logs into standard lengths between 10 and 20 feet. On pull- 
boat operations where logs are floated to the mill the whole trunk 
or 30- to 50-foot logs are skidded. 
Hardwood logs rafted down the Ohio river and other large 
streams are cut into lengths of from 40 to 60 feet, while on small 
streams and on railroad operations standard-length logs are the 
rule. 
In the Adirondack mountains spruce logs which are to be 
manufactured into luml^er are cut chiefly into lengths of 10, 12, 
13, 14 and 10 feet, and those for pulp manufacture into even lengths 
of 14 feet or more. In Maine spruce is cut either into standard 
lengths, or the butt cut is made from 30 to 40 feet long and the 
remainder left in a top log which is taken to a diameter of 4 or 
5 inches. 
White pine is largely cut into standard lengths. 
Douglas fir on the Pacific Coast is cut into logs ranging in 
length from 26 to 60 feet and sometimes longer. The customary 
lengths range up to 40 feet with a high percentage of 32-foot logs. 
In the redwood region about one-fourth of the logs are cut 
16 feet long. The remainder are cut into lengths of 18, 20, 24, 
32 and 40 feet. The longer lengths are cut from the smaller 
trees. 
Method. — The first step in log-making is to cut the limbs 
from that portion of the bole which is to be utilized. This is 
