FELLING AND LOG-MAKING 11 V 
In other sections of the country only the largest logs are rossed. 
The work is generally done with an ax by a member of 
the swamping crew. On heavy timber the barker not only 
removes the bark but also straightens slight crooks by cutting 
off sufficient wood to flatten the log so that when dragged, it 
will remain in proper position. 
Spruce logs intended for pulp manufacture are sometimes 
peeled in the forest because there is less wood wasted than when 
the work is done by machinery at the mill and the shipping weight 
is reduced by this means. 
Redwood logs are rossed in the forest before the boles are made 
into logs because the thickness of the bark and its rough character 
not only impede log-making but are also a hindrance in trans- 
portation. 
SNIPING 
Previous to skidding, the forward end of a large log may be 
"sniped" or "nosed" that is, rounded off on the under side 
so that it will not catch on obstructions. Where the ground 
is rough and the log is likely to roll over, the entire front end 
is sniped. This work may be done by a sniper or by one of the 
swampers. The sniper generally prefers an ax with a 5- or 
6-pound head. 
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE TO CHAPTER VI 
Branifp, Edward A. : Grades and Amounts of Lumber Sawed from Yellow 
Poplar, Yellow Birch, Sugar Maple and Beech. Bui. No. 73, U. S. For. 
Ser., Washington, D. C, 1906, pp. 20-21. 
Bruce, Donald: The Relative Cost of Making Logs from Small and Large 
Timber. Coll. of Agriculture, Agricultural Ex. Sta., Bui. 339, Berkeley, 
Cal., Jan. 1922. 
Gary, Austin: Practical Forestry on a Spruce Tract in Maine. Cir. 131, 
U. S. Forest Service. 
Chapman, H. H., and Bryant, R. C: Prolonging the Cut of Southern Pine. 
Yale University Press, Bui. 2, Yale Forest School, New Haven, Conn., 
1913. 
Clapp, Earle H. : Conservative Logging. Report of the National Conserva- 
tion Commission with accompanying papers, 1909, pp. .512-546. 
GiRARD, James W. : Inland Empire Sawing and Skidding Studies. The 
Timberman, Sept., 1920, pp. 36-38. 
Graves, Henry S. : Practical Forestry in the Adirondack^. Bui. No. 26, 
U. S. Div. of For., Washington, D. C, 1899, pp. 57-60. 
Hedgecock, George Grant: Studies upon some Chromogenic Fungi which 
