TRANSPORTATION 127 
products many miles to reach a suitable point for manufacture. 
Sled transportation to a stream down which the logs are floated 
is common in such regions, provided the temperature conditions 
are such that a snow or ice bottom can be relied upon for a period of 
from seventy to eighty days. This is the case in many parts of the 
Northeastern spruce region and in many parts of the Lake States. 
In the Inland Empire the amount of snowfall is adequate for sled- 
hauling but temperature conditions are so unstable that the logger 
cannot rely upon a continuous period of cold weather of sufficient 
length to enable him to place his logs on the landing. As a 
consequence, sled transportation is not used to the same extent 
that it is in other regions of equal or lesser snowfall. In the south- 
ern and far western forests some form of wheeled transport must 
be used to move the products from the forest, either for the entire 
distance or to some body of water on which the logs may be moved 
to destination. In the southern pineries, rail transport is in 
common use because the timber does not float well and trunk-line 
railroads can be reached with a comparatively short mileage of 
logging railroad. On the Pacific Coast a large volume of timber 
is hauled by rail to tidewater or to some large stream and then 
rafted and towed to the mills. The timber floats better than 
southern pine, but its large size and the long lengths in which it 
is cut in the forest make it impracticable to float the timber down 
the relatively small, short streams which drain the territory 
between the Cascade Mountains and the sea. 
(3) Size, character and length of logs. Large-sized timber 
usually must be hauled on some form of wheeled transport, es- 
pecially when cut near the headwaters of drainage systems, since 
the streams are too small to float logs of large dimensions. Pulp- 
wood may be cut in lengths as short as 2 feet in order to move 
it down small streams, and stave and shingle bolts, and crossties 
often are floated down streams that are too small for saw logs. 
Very large logs cannot be moved successfully by animal power, 
hence some form of rail or motor truck transport usually is em- 
ployed. 
The weight of logs may be the factor determining the choice 
of land or water transport. The heavier hardwoods cannot be 
floated successfully for long distances and some form of land trans- 
port must be installed or the timber left standing. 
The lengths in which it is desired to bring out logs may deter- 
