134 LOGGING 
cottonseed products often are an important part of an ox ration. 
Timothy hay is preferred for liorses and mules, and "prairie" 
or wild hay for oxen. 
The dry matter and digestible food ingredients for various 
classes of feeding stuffs are given in the Appendix^ and by the 
use of this data and the feeding standards^ a balanced ration may 
be prepared, or an existing unsatisfactory ration modified. Since 
grains and by-products like bran vary considerably in weight for 
a given volume of feed, the use of dry measure in determining 
quantities is not recommended. 
Rations fed to horses and mules doing various classes of work, 
including logging are given in the Appendix.^ Those for logging 
animals sliow a rather wide variation and indicate the absence 
of reliable feeding standards. 
Horses and nmles should be fed three times daily giving about 
one-half of the ration at night. The morning and noon 
feed should consist largely of concentrated feeds, giving the bulk 
of the "roughage" at night. The practice of one or two feedings 
per day for horses and mules is not considered advisable, because 
it is a departure from the normal feeding habits of such animals 
and may induce stomach or intestinal disorders. Animals are in- 
clined to over-eat when the interval between feeding periods is 
long. Oxen, however, may be fed once a day only and still keep in 
good condition, owing to their greater stomach capacity and 
their ability to regurgitate and later chew their food. 
WATER REQUIREMENTS 
The amount of water required by horses depends largely 
upon the season of the year, the temperature of the air, the 
character of the feed, the individual peculiarities of the horse 
and the amount and character of the work performed. The 
water requirements increase with a rise in temperature and with 
the amount of work performed since both factors induce per- 
spiration. 
Less water is required when concentrated or green succulent 
foods are fed than when the bulk of the ration consists of coarse 
fodder or of dry food. A horse under average conditions will 
drink from 50 to 65 pounds of water daily, while under heavy 
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