HAND LOGGING AND ANIMAL SNAKING 145 
sold to other loggers or manufacturers who transported them to 
market. Often the stum page was not the property of the logger 
who cut it and the timber was sold at a price slightly above the 
cost of the labor expended upon it. The increase; in the value of 
stumpage and the greater care given to timbcn- properties by the 
owners has largely eliminated this class of loggers in the United 
States. In British Columbia hand logging is still practiced to a 
limited extent by virtue of "hand logger's" permits issued by 
the Provincial Government. 
The introduction of modern machinery for logging has given 
a wider meaning on the Pacific Coast to the term "hand logging," 
and it is now applied to loggers who operate on a small scale with 
animals. 
SNAKING WITH ANIMALS 
The transportation of logs with animals without the use of 
vehicles is practiced in many parts of the country to take logs 
from the stump to a skidway, stream, railroad, chute or other 
form of transport. 
It usually is a short-distance method and the logs are taken 
out over crude trails from which only such obstructions have been 
removed as are necessary to make snaking feasible. The usual dis- 
tance for snaking on the level or on gentle slopes does not exceed 
500 feet. However, logs may be dragged 1000 or more feet from 
the stump to the skidway, but such long distances are not consid- 
ered advisable except where there is a steep downgrade, or where 
there is not enough timber to warrant the construction of a 
road nearer to it. '■ 
Horses and mules, singly or in teams, and oxen in single, double 
or triple yokes may be used for short-distance skidding. The 
nuinber of animals is governed by the weight of the timber hand- 
led, the character of bottom and the grade of the skidding trail. 
In the spruce region of the Northeast, two animals are used 
to yard timber, when logs are cut in long lengths, while in north- 
ern New York single animals are preferred because the timber 
is cut into short lengths. The usual practice in other regions 
is to use two or more animals. Single animals have been tried 
for skidding small second-growth loblolly pine in the Coastal 
Plain Region, but because of the weight of the wood and the 
enervating climate the practice has not proved satisfactory. 
