174 LOGGING 
ting out windfalls which may have dropped across the road. A 
forward pair of two-sled runners is then loaded with two small 
logs whose rear ends are allowed to drag on the road where the 
horses travel. Several loads of this character are hauled to the 
landing, followed by heavier loads again dragged on the same 
sled. When the road is thoroughly packed, a few light two-sled 
loads are hauled over the road after each snowfall. 
Previous to hauling, the roads past the skidways are broken 
out by a snowplow and if necessary by shoveling. Then an 
empty or lightly loaded sled is drawn over the road to 
break a track. The snow on the skidways is shoveled off and 
the empty sleds drawn by two or four horses are ranged along- 
side for loading. Logs are sometimes frozen so solidly that they 
cannot be loosened by hand and a small charge of dynamite 
must be exploded in the pile. On steep mountain roads it is 
customary to place partial loads on the sleds at the upper skid- 
ways and "top-out" the loads from skidways on the lower levels. 
Sleds may be loaded by hand, by the crosshaul or by power 
loaders. Hand loading is used where the logs are not large. It 
is a common method in the spruce forests of the Northeast. Two 
skids are placed so that they span the interval between the crib- 
work of the skidway and the sled bunks and the logs are rolled 
over the skids by the loaders. As the load is built up, the skids 
are raised and placed on top of each succeeding tier of logs. 
Large logs are loaded with a team and crosshaul unless the 
skidways are higher than the sled bunks. 
Horse loaders or "jammers" are frequently used in the Lake 
States. These have a derrick and swinging boom mounted 
on a heavy sled, equipped with hoisting blocks and tackle. The 
jammer is drawn from one skidway to another by a team, and is 
placed directly behind the sleds to be loaded with the boom so 
placed that logs may be gripped on the skidway with tackle, 
elevated and transferred to the sleds. Power for hoisting is 
furnished by the team which transports the jammer. 
Power loaders are occasionally used in the Lake States. They 
are mounted on sleds and have a stiff boom and a hoisting en- 
gine driven either by steam or gasoline. They are transported 
from one skidway to another by animals. 
Logs are bound on the sleds by chains. For high loads, oper- 
ators use a set of ten chains. Four ^-inch short bunk or corner 
