186 LOGGING 
on either side of the tongue by a heavy bolt. A bunk rests on 
top of the axle and carries two upright guides between which the 
tongue fits. The latter is held in place by a spring latch. When 
the cart is to be loaded it is driven up to one end of a log, then 
backed until the axle is directly over that part of the log to which 
the chains or grapples are to be attached. The latch on the 
guides is then released, the team is backed for a step or two and 
the hounds are forced into a position nearly vertical which turns 
the bunk through a quarter circle and brings it near enough to the 
ground to permit the grapples or chains to be attached. The 
elevation of the log is accomplished b}^ driving the team forward, 
which brings the hounds and tongue to a horizontal position. 
Wheels of this character may be used in a region where it 
would not be possible to snake, or to use bummers without 
swamping out trails. They can be driven readily over light 
standing brush or in down timber with a minimum of swamp- 
ing. It is not customary to cut trails for them. The capacity 
of the wheels is one large, or from three to four small logs. Two 
horses or two mules draw each cart. 
Carts with larger wheels than those mentioned are in ex- 
tensive use in the South, Southwest, Lake States, sugar pine 
region of California and, to a limited extent, in the Inland Em- 
pire. They formely were used by small operators on the Pacific 
Coast. The wheels are from 7 to 12 feet in diameter and have 
tires from 5 to 10 inches wide. When one or two logs are handled 
they are suspended with grapples, and when several constitute a 
load chains are used. The chief distinction between the several 
patterns of carts is in the mechanism for raising the logs from 
the ground. 
One type of high-wheeled log cart has a heavy wooden bunk 
and a tongue from 12 to 16 feet long. A chain is attached to 
the front side of and passes over the top of the bunk, ending in 
a ring to which the grapple hooks are fastened. In loading 
the cart is backed over the log or logs and the tongue raised to 
a position nearly vertical, by means of a pole 10 or 12 feet long 
which is fastened on the upper side of the tongue, 3 or 4 feet in 
front of the bunk. This pole also serves to hold the tongue in 
position during loading. The elevation of the tongue lowers the 
grapples to the ground so that they can be attached to the log. 
A team then pulls the tongue to a horizontal position, which raises 
