WHEELED VEHICLES 189 
can pass. The practico i)r('V'ail.s in soino regions of felling the 
timber in strips, beginning at tiie back side of the skidding area 
where a strip from 100 to 200 feet wide is cut parallel to the rail- 
road and then skidded. The work continues in this manner 
until the railroad is reached. This permits the teamsters to 
haul the greater part of the time through standing timber free 
from slash, which facilitates the work. Some loggers claim that 
the efficiency of a crew is increased 25 per cent by this method. 
Roads are made and roughly graded in the hardwood forests 
of the Lake States where brush is abundant. Since short logs 
only are handled the roads need not be straight and boulders and 
stumps can be passed by a detour. 
From two to six animals are used to haul log carts, depending 
on the character of the roadbed and the size and amount of 
timber hauled. Mules are preferred in the South, and horses 
in the North and West. 
A crew in the southern pine forests often consists of three 
teamsters, one or two "bunch" teamsters, one or two swampers 
and one skidway man. The "bunch" teams yard the logs along 
the roads at places convenient to the log carts. 
In the Lake States, two pairs of wheels and two bunch teams 
are used by a crew. The brushy nature of the country requires 
about four men for the swamping and other men with cant hooks 
to roll the bunched logs together into loads for each log cart. 
In the southern yellow pine region log carts drawn by two 
mules haul from 200 to 500 board feet of long logs at one load. 
When four mules are used, from 800 to 1000 board feet may be 
handled, but six mules are required for more than this volume. 
In the Lake States the load for four horses ranges between 
1000 and 1200 feet log scale, with a maxinmm of 1800 feet. In 
the sugar pine region of California, from six to seven carts, drawn 
by four horses each weighing from 1500 to 1800 pounds are 
used in one camp and will put in an average of from 100,000 to 
125,000 board feet daily. 
WAGONS 
Wagons are a desirable form of vehicle for stocking small saw- 
mill plants, transporting timber to the railroad on large opera- 
tions where the haul exceeds 600 feet, and for logging isolated 
tracts on which there is not sufficient timber to warrant the con- 
