274 
LOGGING 
for animal draft both in the Northeast and in the West. 
Machines as small as the 2-ton and as large as the 10-ton 
class have been used. They possess advantages over animals 
on long hauls, both because of their greater average speed and 
because they do not mire as badly as horses on bad bottom. 
On a 1-mile haul in eastern Oregon, a 10-ton caterpillar tractor 
has made from twelve to sixteen trips per day, hauling about 
3500 board feet per trip, doing work which formerly required 
six teams. 
During the summer season the "slow" stretches of a slide are 
watered, or are greased with skid grease or crude petroleum to 
rT^frS 
if^ 
Fig. 94. — Two Common Forms of Goose-necks used for checking the Speed 
of Logs on Heavy Grades, and the Manner of placing them in the Slide 
Timbers. 
reduce friction. During the cold season such stretches are 
iced by throwing water on them at night. If the stretch is 
short and the water is close at hand it may be poured on with a 
bucket, otherwise a barrel is used in which two holes are bored 
in one end, one hole being over each slide stick. The barrel is 
then filled with water and lowered down the slide during the 
night. 
On steep slopes where logs run fast and are apt to leave the 
slide, several devices are used to check the speed. A common 
one is a ''goose-neck" or "scotch" made from 1|- or 2-inch 
round or square iron fashioned as shown in Fig. 94a and b. 
It is placed in a hole bored through a slide timber and the prong 
digs into the logs as they pass over it and their progress is 
retarded. Logs will leave the slide unless the goose-necks are 
