MOTIVE POWER AND ROLLING STOCK 353 
features arc similar to the 8-wheeled stringer-road truck mentioned, 
but they are built heavier to secure a capacity of from 1500 to 
3000 board feet. 
BROAD GAUGE 
Three types of cars are in us(> on broad gauge roads, namely, 
flat cars, skeleton cars, and trucks. 
Flat Cars. — These are chiefly used where the logs are hauled 
for a portion of the distance over a trunk-line road. The latter 
usually furnishes the cars, keeps them in repair, and provides 
motive power when the cars are on its line. Payment for this 
service is made on the basis of the number of cars hauled, the 
number of thousand board feet of logs handled, or a flat rate 
per train-mile. 
Logging flat cars may have special rails laid on the car floor 
on which log loaders travel, and also wooden or metal bunks to 
raise the logs off the car floor. 
Logs are held on flat cars by stakes or chains. 
(1) Short Stakes. — These are made near the loading place 
by a stake cutter, and are inserted in the stake pockets on the 
car. They are usually thrown away, at the unloading point. 
If bunk loads onlj' are hauled and the logs do not occupy the 
entire floor of the car, the bunks are equipped with adjustable 
"chock blocks," or dogs, which are fitted to the bunk close to 
the log; or rough blocks or small logs may be inserted between 
the logs and the stakes to make the load solid. Where a top 
load is put on a car, the logs wedge between those on the car 
floor and make a compact load. 
(2) Patent Drop Stakes. — These project from 2 to 3 feet 
above the car floor and are equipped with safety trip devices for 
use in unloading. The logs are seldom bound with chains unless 
the load is built high. 
(3) Long Stakes. — For carrying high loads, cars are often 
equipped with stakes from 5 to 6 feet long, which are cut from 
saplings or made from sawed material. They are inserted in the 
stake pockets, and after the greater part of the load has been 
placed in position the stakes on the opposite sides of the car are 
bound together with heavy wire, cable, or with chains to prevent 
the load from spreading at the top. The remainder of the load 
is then placed on top of the binders. Sapling stakes with wire 
