374 LOGGING 
This is one of the simplest methods and is widely used in the 
Lake States and southern yellow pine region where the timber is 
of medium size. 
On the Pacific Coast where logs are often unloaded into tide- 
water and rafted, the track is built on piling either over the 
water or else along the bank. The structure is long enough to 
accommodate twenty cars or more. Some protection must 
be given the piling supporting the track and when the 
trestle is in deep water this is accomplished by driving a pile at 
the end of each tie. These piles are cut off about 2 feet 
below the level of the track and are beveled on top to shunt 
off the falling logs. An additional row of piles is sometimes 
driven just outside the first one and beveled off in a similar 
manner. When the trestle is located on land, a slanting roll- 
way must be built out far enough to carry the logs into deep 
water. 
The outer rail of the track is elevated from 8 to 12 inches, 
either by leaving the outer legs of the trestle longer, or by elevat- 
ing the outer ends of the crossties by means of blocking. 
When car stakes are used the practice is either to knock them 
out with a maul, or to cut them off with an ax. Logs often will 
roll off the cars unaided, but when assistance is required, jacks 
are used for log trucks and often for flats. Power unloaders 
are often used for unloading flat and skeleton cars. 
For dry land storage at mills, skidways are built on one or 
both sides of the device used for conveying logs into the mill. 
The skidways are wide enough to hold one car of logs, and long 
enough to accommodate the required number of cars. Storage 
skidways are a series of parallel skids placed at right angles to 
the railroad track, and supported on tunbers placed on the ground. 
The skids slope toward the center at an angle of from 10 to 12 
degrees to facilitate handling the logs. The outer rail of the 
track is elevated to aid in unloading. 
Power Unloaders. — There are several types of power unloaders 
which are used chiefly on the Pacific Coast where large and 
long logs are handled. However, some types are employed in the 
Lake States and in the hardwood region. 
Swinging-boom log loaders which pick logs from the car and 
deposit them on either side of the track are among the devices 
used where logs are stored in piles on dry ground. ' 
