FLOATING AND RAFTING 417 
volved either by man or horse power. When the raft reaches 
the anchor, the latter is Hfted and again carried forward. A 
headworks of this character cannot be used to advantage against 
a head wind. 
Large numbers of logs usually are handled by a "steam or 
gasoline warping tug" or "alligator," which is a flat-bottomed, 
steel-shod scow on which is mounted a pair of 20 or 30 horse- 
power engines and a large capstan or windlass. The boats are 
propelled either by screws or side wheels and are sometimes con- 
structed so that they may be drawn overland on skids under their 
own power. Both indirect and direct towing methods are used. In 
indirect towing a cable is fastened to some convenient tree on shore 
or an anchor is thrown out several hundred feet in advance of the 
raft and the tug then run back and attached to the raft which 
is advanced by winding up the cable on the capstan. This method 
requires about one-third less fuel than the direct method and 
can be used when head winds are blowing. As a rule, towing must 
cease when there are strong adverse winds. Night work often 
is done because the water usually is more quiet then. 
Transport on small streams, as a rule, is more expensive per 
thousand board feet per mile than on large ones, because of the 
limited amount of timber handled, the rough character of the 
channel, and the greater number of improvements per mile which 
are required. 
Individual drives on small streams are in charge of a foreman 
who often is the woods superintendent, or the boss of the log- 
ging camp at which the timber was cut. One or more sub- 
foremen aid him in the conduct of the work. 
The Drive on Large Streams.^ — The driving problems on por- 
tions of the route are often similar to those on small streams, 
but in general the difficulties incident to the transport of logs 
are not so great The channel is wider, with longer strc^tches of 
smooth water, and the greater volume of timber annually passing 
downstream makes it practicable to install more improvements 
than is profitable on small streams. Fewer men are r('(}uired in 
proportion to the amount of timber handled and the distance 
covered, and under normal circumstances the expense per thou- 
sand board feet for labor is less. A large part of the driving 
work on the average stream is the prevention of jams at curves, 
1 See page 402. 
