422 
LOGGING 
rafts in the following way. The logs after being assorted are 
run into pockets according to ownership. About thirty logs 
are fastened together at one end with a "rattling line" which is 
a cable on which are strung the necessary number of ring dogs. 
This "joint," as it is called, is then floated out of the pocket and 
down the "rattling run" to the "bottom makers" who place 
two boom poles across the raft, and bore holes through the boom 
Photograph by R. B. Miller. 
Fig. 152. — Loading the Bottom of a Raft with Logs by means of a Parbuckle. 
A bracket boom is shown on the left. New Brunswick. 
poles and logs which are then fastened together with hardwood 
pins. The rattling lines are then removed and the bottom passes 
down to a loading machine where a top load of logs is placed upon 
it. The joints are then scaled and floated downstream where 
from five to seven of them are fastened together by short pieces 
of poles, called brackets, and hardwood pins and then towed to 
the mill by tugs. 
For many years rafts on the Mississippi and some other rivers 
in the Lake States were made into "brails" or sections. The 
logs were fastened together with poles in a manner similar to the 
Ohio River method, except that rope and rafting pins were used 
instead of chain dogs. Two-inch holes were bored in the log on 
either side of the pole and the ends of a short section of rope 
placed in these holes and firmly held by hardwood rafting pins 
