426 LOGGING 
to 30 pieces, which are bound together firmly with chains. The 
maximum tow for the larger tugs used on this work is from thirty 
to forty bundles. From 30 to 40 per cent of the timber cannot 
be floated and the object of this method of transportation is to 
make the buoyant carry the non-buoyant logs. Bundles frequently 
have to be made over because of an excess of heavy logs which 
causes them to sink. The bundles are constructed at a log dump 
built over some tidal stream. A cradle of two heavy cables is 
used to bundle the logs. One end of the cable is fastened to the 
railroad trestle, and then passed down under the water and up to 
a winch located in the second story of the log dump. The cables 
thus make a large loop into which the logs are unloaded. Two 
binding chains are sunk into the water alongside each cable, one 
end being temporarily attached to the unloading dock and the 
other end to a small rope which is placed outside of the cradle. 
When the logs have been placed in the latter, the bundle is made 
compact by tightening up the cradle cables, and the binding 
chains are then brought around the bundle, tied and made fast 
by heavy iron dogs. 
Pacific Coast Rafting. — Logs in the Pacific Coast region are 
often rafted down the large streams, or towed along Puget Sound 
to the mills. Two forms of rafts are employed for this work. 
When logs are to be floated downstream without the aid of a 
tug, they are made up into "round" booms which are a group 
of loose logs surrounded by several boom sticks. The raft may 
be allowed to drift with the current or controlled by tugs, and may 
or may not be in charge of a raftsman, depending on the character 
of the stream, and the tides. 
Logs that are to be towed to destination are rafted at a "harbor 
boom," which has a large storage pocket and a rafting pocket. 
The logs are brought to the harbor boom by rail and dumped 
into the storage pockets which are areas inclosed by boom sticks 
held in place by piling. The rafting pockets are narrow lanes 
about 75 feet wide and from 800 to 1000 feet long inclosed by 
boom sticks, held in place by piling placed at approximately 
70-foot intervals. The logs may or may not be assorted for quality 
and species. Rafting on tide water can be carried on only dur- 
ing a favorable tide. 
The rafters first string boom sticks across the far end and on 
both sides of the pocket. Logs of approximately equal lengths 
