430 LOGGING 
or chains. Cables are then passed over the top of the raft and 
the cable ends made fast to the side boom sticks. Logs from 32 
to 70 feet are most suitable for this form of raft. Joints should 
be broken in stowing the logs in order to make the raft rigid. A 
raft 70 by 150 feet in size will carry about 750,000 board feet 
of timber. 
LOG BARGES 
Barges are used for the transportation of hardwood logs on 
some portions of the lower Mississippi river, the logs being 
brought to the banks of the stream and loaded by power derricks, 
mounted on barges or by derricks on the barge itself. One of the 
better types of barge suitable for log transportation is about 
100 feet long with an open hatch on each end about 36 feet 
in length. Two steam derricks are mounted on the center 
of the barge, a boom projecting over each hold. Such a barge, 
carrying from 90,000 to 100,000 board feet of logs can be loaded 
in from twenty-four to thirty working hours by a crew of five 
men, two working in the hold, one operating a derrick, and two 
on shore. Barge transportation is desirable on streams where 
suitable rafting facilities are not available, when logs are to be 
moved upstream, and with species that are too heavy to float. Al- 
though introduced in the Lake States, this method never gained 
favor in the transport of logs from Canada to the United States, be- 
cause of the limited capacity of the boats, and the ease and safety 
with which logs could be rafted. 
SUNKEN LOGS 
Many streams, on which driving has been carried on for years, 
have accumulated large numbers of small, heavy butted and 
sappy logs in their channels. In the Lake States streams which 
contain large quantities of sunken timber, the "deadheads" 
average about twenty pieces per thousand board feet. 
Many efforts have been made to salvage sunken tmiber, es- 
pecially in this region, and although log-raising companies have 
been formed and have operated to a limited extent, the industry 
has never assumed large proportions. The obstacles in the 
way of successful operation have been numerous. According 
to a decision^ of the Supreme Court of Michigan the title to 
1 See page 411. 
