104 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
pigment found in liver. In peripberj' of lobule as much contains iron 
as that Avhich does not, while in deeper parts iron predominates. Many 
times both kinds are recognized in one cell. On the whole it is the finest 
granules which contain more iron (are bluer) while iron free pigment 
occurs in bile canalieula?. That in Kupffer's cells stains strongly blue. 
Summary of Primary Anemias. 
A review of these instances of grave anemia brings 
one to the conclusion that there is a strong similarity to 
the disease in man. Perhaps we have constructed a pic- 
ture that is too narrow for the animal kingdom in general, 
but surely these few instances deserve to be distinguished 
from the secondary cases already presented if for no 
other reason than that no associated etiological condition 
was exposed. It was hoped in studying the anemias of 
lower animals, and this hope extends over all the subject 
of tliis book, to be able to throw some light upon causation. 
The thought of incorrect diet came at once, but we 
are confronted with the paucity of cases among our 
records. Moreover, secondary anemia from digestive 
and dietetic troubles is clear, but how we can use this 
argument for an essential change in hematopoiesis and 
natural hematolysis, is far from evident. It will be 
noticed that I have studiously avoided grouping any case 
with parasites among the primary cases, nor will there 
be found any evidence of generalized infectious disease. 
Most of the reported instances of pernicious anemia in 
the lower animals have been associated with one or other 
of these factors, although certain authors (Kitt, Hutyra 
and Marek) maintain that a causeless variety prob- 
ably exists. 
Lexjcemia. 
This condition is fairly well recognized by veter- 
inarians as occurring among domesticated animals, but 
in the records of this Garden it has occurred rarely, 
indeed only once in a mammal and but five times in birds. 
It is interesting that, in the wealth of material at the dis- 
