130 DISEASE IN WILD MAMMALS AND BIRDS 
epithelium and hyaline casts. Heart muscle fibres are small and stain 
deeply. No amyloid in section. No pigmentation although section is 
suggestive of brown atrophy. Adrenal is practically negative. There 
seems to be slightly more connective tissue than normal but parenchyma 
may be considered normal. At one place in the cortex there are some 
structures of deep layer included in vesicular layer. This seems like 
a structural malformation. 
Necroses. 
Focal necroses of the spleen affecting chiefly follicular 
centres but also chords, are not at all uncommon in avian 
spleens, especially where parasitism occurs, not only with 
hemic protozoa and embryos, but also "with intestinal or 
visceral nematodes and trematodes. 
Spleen in Anemia. 
The spleen in the anemias shows much less definite 
change than one would expect. In the secondary form 
of anemia among mammals one finds a slight excess of 
pigmentation and an occasional fibrosis but often the size 
of the organ is recorded as normal. When the impover- 
ished blood seems secondary to skeletal degenerations 
there is a diffuse or follicular enlargement. In the birds, 
on the other hand, there is nearly always some grade of 
enlargement which is due in the well studied examples to 
a richness of blood cells. There may be a slight increase 
in follicles, but these bodies are usually small and solid. 
In two instances a prominence of large endothelial cells 
was discovered. Pigment is seldom increased, but it 
may be very excessive. 
In the primaiy anemias little more than the above is 
to be found. Fibrosis is more evident and perhaps pig- 
mentation less so, but the variations are more of degree 
than kind. The spleen in leucemia can only be discussed 
upon the case already reported {q. v.). 
Spleen in Hepatic Fibroses. 
The fibroses of the liver are not infrequently associ- 
ated with some enlargement of the organ under discus- 
sion. At this laboratory hepatic cirrhoses are divided 
